tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38383164702840295482023-11-15T07:25:05.272-08:00Imperial CholasIlamuruganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16311706194380527105noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3838316470284029548.post-11805713701054139932010-01-19T06:49:00.000-08:002018-05-31T12:00:19.893-07:00Thiruttani and Velanjeri Copper Plates<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<pre class="ad-code _ngcontent-kzj-7" style="background-color: #eeeeee; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.13px; overflow: auto; padding: 8px; text-align: start; width: 544px; word-wrap: break-word;">Thiruttani and Velanjeri Copper Plates</pre>
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A chance find of a bronze group of Vrshavahana, Devi and a bull, with a prabha, by playful School Children at the Village Velanjeri near Thiruttani, on 6-10-1977 led to the discovery of two important Copper Plate grants, one issued by the Pallava ruler Aparajita and another by Parantaka Chola I. A metal object resembling a nail was found in their school play ground by the school boys. Out of curiosity the boys uncovered a part of the earth and found to their surprise a metal image. With the help of their teacher they skillfully dug out the image and soon found another image and a bull lying there carefully burried. From the report of the teacher, it is seen that the images, were deliberately burried, possibly fearing some desecration or theft. The find of these bronze images attracted large crowds from the nearby villages and the story of the find appeared in the news-papers. Where upon, I deputed the Registering Officer of the Department to inspect the find and submit a report. During his investigation the villagers who discovered the find handed over the two historic copper plates which are now in the custody of the Tamil nadu Department of Archaeology. </div>
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Both the copper plates are intact and are fairly well preserved. One of the copper plates was issued by the Pallava ruler Aparajitavarman in his ninth year. The other one was issued by Parantaka Chola in the 25th year about 930 A.D. Both these plates, particularly the Pallava copper plate throws very valuable light on the political and religious history of Tamilnadu and is the most important discovery in recent years. </div>
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The Pallava copper plate mentions the gift of taxes to the Subrahmanya temple on the top of Thiruttani hill by the Pallava ruler Aparajitavarman who is portrayed as a great devotee of Lord Subrahmanya. For the first time, the history of the famous Subhramanya temple of Thiruttani is taken to a very remote antiquity. The present copper plates shows that the Subrahmanya temple was in existence even earlier than 900 A.D. </div>
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The Pallava copper plate is also important from another angle. Hitherto the place of Aparajita Pallava in the Pallava line was not known. For the past hundred years Scholars have been trying to assess his position and his relationship with other Pallava rulers and contemporaries. Aparajita was considered the son of Nandivarman and a step-brother of Kampavarman and so on. </div>
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All the surmises of scholars are proved wrong by the present discovery. The present Velanjeri copper plate mentions that Aparajita was the son of Pallava ruler Kampavarman through a Ganga Princess whose name is given as Vijaya. The copper plate also details the relationship between Kampavarman and Nrpatunga and also the battles won by Aparajita which are of vital interest to the history of the latter Pallavas. The present copper plate throws very valuable light and removes many confusions that have been prevalent with reference to the history of later Pallavas. </div>
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The Chola copper plate is also of great interest. It refers to the conquest of Kanchipuram and erection of imposing palaces there by Karikala Chola. It mentions the spider story about the birth of Koccengannan. For the first time, the name of Vijayalayachola's father is known as Orriyuran. About Parantaka, the donor, the copper plate states that he performed Tulabhara in the temples of Kanyakumari, Ramesvaram and Srirangam. </div>
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Both the copper plates were said to have been in a clay pot which has also been recovered. The plates and pot were willingly gifted to the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology, by the villagers. The texts and translations of the copper plate charters and also a brief history of Thiruttani are published here. </div>
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The image of Siva standing on a pedestal is about 95 c.m. in height. The Devi also standing is about 93 c.m. and the Bull 40 c.m. All the three are placed on a badhrapitha of 15 c.m. in height. A prabha, somewhat broken, covering all the three images about 280 c.m. has also been found. The form of Siva seems to indicate an early date while that of the Devi and the bull seems to be some what later. They fit in with the pedestal. The images probably belong to a period between 950 and 980 A.D. </div>
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APARAJITA'S PLATE Among the two copper plate charters found at Velanjeri, Aparajita's plate is the earliest. The charter consists of five plates fastened to a seal. The charter has not suffered any damage, and is available in full. </div>
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The plates, five in number, are 27 cm. in length and 10 cm. in width; the ring is 16 cm. in diameter; the seal 9.5 cm. in diameter is countersunk to a debth of 1 cm. The plates are not numbered. The first and the last pages of the plates are not inscribed. The letters are deeply cut and fairly well written with few mistakes. </div>
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The seal The seal which is intact, carries the figure of a seated bull in the centre facing left. It is typical of the bulls found in other Pallava seals and stone sculptures. It is flanked by lamps on stands (Kuttu vilakku). Above the bull are shown ashtamangalas, (the eight auspices symbols), among which Kendi, Srivatsa, lamp and mirror are clearly visible. This is topped by an umbrella and fly whisks flanking the parasol. In the rim portion is an inscription in grantha characters reading- Svasti Sri - ntrasa siras sreni sri sikha sayi sasanam rajnah Pallava vamsendoh sri Aparajitavarmanah. Aparajitavarmanah The verse ends with the word Aparajitavarmanah i.e. of Aparajita varman. This word is repeated again as Aparajitavarmanah immediately below the seated bull. The repetition of this word is not only interestsing but also rare. It seems to indicate that the seal is that of Aparajita and that the same word in the verse relates to the royal sasana as a whole. </div>
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A point of interest is that the seal was embossed by a smith, whose name is given as Videlvidugu Perun-kannan. So far we have not come across in the Tamil country the name of the artist who embossed the royal seal. It shows that the kings had in their employment artisans to inscribe the order on the plates and separate artisans to emboss the seals. </div>
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The Grant The grant was issued by the Pallava ruler, Aparajita, in his ninth regnal year. </div>
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After giving the mythical genealogy of the Pallavas, the grant begins with Kampavarman. He seized the throne from Pallava Nrpatunga with glory. A certain Vijaya of matchless virtues and born of the Ganga family, was his queen. Aparajita was their son. Aparajita destroyed the elepants of the Bana ruler, captured Karanai,the Pandya city, and won a great battle against the Chola at Chirrarrur. </div>
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At the request of one Vamanayya, the king gifted the village Pudur, in Thiruttaniyal nadu, to the sabha of Melirunjeru as a devatana brahmadeya and stipulated that the village should pay one thousand kadi of paddy as Pancavara to Lord Subrahmanya who is pleased to stand on the hill. The record details the boundaries of the lands gifted, the tax exemptions and the privileges conferred on the village. </div>
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A certain Podini Mahadeva bhatta was the composer of this grant. </div>
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This silpin Vijayanna engraved the charter and a certain Videlvidugu Perunkannan embossed the seal. </div>
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Language The grant, like all other Pallava grants of the seventh and eighth century A.D. is bilingual, written in Sanskrit and Tamil. </div>
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The Sanskrit portion is in poetry and prose. The poetic version describe the explooits of Kampavarman, and Aparajita and extols the greatness of Vijaya, the mother of Aparajita. </div>
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The prose part closely follows the style of the age, as reflected in Bana's 'Kadambari', 'Harsha Carita' and also the prose portion of the Kuram plates of Paramesvara varman. It contains a long drawn out passage and is written with an eye on word play. It is a beautiful composition, essentially musical. Mahadeva the composer, was certainly an eminent poet, who inherited his father's poetic talent. His father Srikumara is praised as a composer of mahakavyas. The drafting of the Tamil portion is equally good and free from mistakes. </div>
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Aparajita's devotion Aparajita Pallava, with great devotion to Subrahmanya on the hill of Thiruttani, gifted the village as a devatana brahmadeya,(a Brahmin settlement attached to the temple) by pouring water from a golden pitcher. The village Thiruttani is refered to as an agrahara and Meliruncru as a Mahagrahara. The gifted village, Pudur was clubbed with Melirunceru and the village sabha was directed to pay 1000 kadi of paddy to Lord Subrahmanya on the hill. In the Sanskrit portion the Lord is mentioned as Shanmukha, the son of Mahesvara, (Mahesvara Sunave Shanmukhaya) and in the Tamil portion as, Subrahmanya who is pleased to stand on Thiruttani hill (Thirumalayil nindrarulina) and also as Subrahmanya the Lord of Thiruttani hill (Thirumalai Piranar). </div>
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This charter shows Aparajita's special attachment to Tiruttani. It is well known that the Virattana temple at this village was built in his reign by one Nambi Appi and that the king himself composed a poem in its honour. That Aparajita was a great devotee of Subrahmanya is gleaned for the first time from this record. </div>
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A stone sculpture of Subrahmanya, of the Pallava age (ninth century A.D.) is now worshipped as Balasubrahmanya in the Tiruttani temple. It is housed in the prakara of the main shrine. The present main deity inside the sanctum seems to be an installation of the 16th century in the Vijayanagar period, when the main temple seems to have(3) been rebuilt. The Pallava image of Subrahmanya is obviously the deity that received the benefaction of Aparajita. The existence of the Subrahmanya temple in Tiruttani hill, in the reign of Aparajita takes the history of the temple earlier than was hitherto known. </div>
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Political history </div>
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The copper plate is very important from the point of view of political history. In the history of the later Pallavas, the relationship among Aparajita, Nrpatunga and Kampavarma was a mystery. </div>
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That Kampavarman and Nrpatunga were brothers was recognised by scholars earlier.(4) Bahur(5) and Chirrur(6) plates mention Nrpatunga as the son of Nandi, through Sankha, the Rashtrakuta princess. The Cholapuram record refers to Nandi Kampa,(7) meaning Kampa the son of Nandi. But how were they related to Aparajita? In the absence of records many suppositions were made. K.A.N. Sastri(8) and T.V. Mahalingam(9) considered Aparajita as another son of Nandi and a brother of Nrpatunga. Mahalingam went to the extent of suggesting that Aparajita was the son of Nandi through Mkarambavai.(10) But now this copper plate charter sets at rest all speculations about their relationship. It specifically mentions Aparajita as the son of Kampavarman, through Vijaya, a Ganga princess,Umeva Rudrasya Rameva Vishnor Visuddha Ganganvaya Janma manya I Gunonurupa Vijayabhidhana Patnis Sapatni Vijaya sriyaibhut II Bahumukha subhagas tatota tasyam Prathama mabhut Aparajitah Sa Saktih </div>
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This passage further shows that Kampa and Aparajita had the able support of the Ganga chieftains. Further, this plate states that Kampavarman captured the Pallava throne forcibly from Nrpatunga. </div>
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Yo Vijitya Nrpatungam Ahave Pallavam Prabala Vallabhanvitam Svicakara Vasudham Saha Sriya Sagarormi Valayaika mekhalam. </div>
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Another point of great interest furnished by this plates is the conquests of Aparajita. Aparajita conquered the Bana, captured Karanai the city of the Pandya and defeated the Chola at Chirrarrur. </div>
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This new information furnished by this grant necessitates a re-evalution of the political condition of the period. </div>
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<i>The Brother's fight </i></div>
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The fight between the Pallava brothers, Kampavarman and Nrpatunga, needs explanation. It is obvious that Nrpatunga was installed on the throne by his father Nandi III. Scholars have missed a point of considerable interesst mentioned in the Bahur plates of Nrpatunga. The Bahur plates were issued by Nrpatunga in his eighth regnal year. Referring to Nrpatunga, it states that he was still a boy. The relevant portion of the record reads:- </div>
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Nrpatunga iti khyato Balopi Bhuvanesvarah </div>
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From this it is clear, that Nrpatunga was a boy in his eighth regnal year. He should still have been in his teens. </div>
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The Chirrur copper plate(12) of the same ruler, was granted two years earlier, in his sixth year. We have reason to believe that by that time Aparajita also had assumed importance.(13) It suggests that Kampavarman, father of Aparajita, should have been elder to Nrpatunga. </div>
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While Kampavarman the elder was alive, the younger, Nrpatunga, though a boy, ascended the throne. This obviously led to enmity between the brothers. Nrpatunga should have been chosen by Nandi II in preference to Kampa, probably because of Rashtrakuta influence. Nrpatunga's mother, Sankha was a Rashtrakuta princess. </div>
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It is not known whether Nrpatunga ascended the throne even when Nandi was alive or after his demise. Probably during his last years, Nandi installed Nrpatunga. Kampavarman, immediately after the demise of his father, should have struck the blow and dislodged his brother. Though Kampa removed his brother from the throne, he treated him with considerable moderation and even allowed him to issue charters. He also installed his son Aparajita very early as his co-regent, as Aparajita was known for his valour. </div>
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Power alignment </div>
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The power alignment during this period also needs consideration. The Banas were clearly on the side of Narpatunga. Bana Paranjaya, who had the title Kadupatti Muttariyan,(14) requested Nrpatunga to grant the Chirrur plates. Aparajita defeated a Bana ruler who was in all probability this Paranjaya, kadupatti Muttaraiya. </div>
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A Pandya, said to have been a grandson of the Bana through a daughter, was also defeated by Aparajita. Pandya Varaguna received help from Nrpatunga.(15) It is not known who the mother of Varaguna was. If Varaguna was the adversary of Aparajita, in all probability he was, we get here the information that he was the son of this Bana's daughter. This Bana also had the title Kadupatti Muttarasar. So the fact that the Muttarasar were closely related to Pandya Varaguna is also thus attested. That may also attest to the presence of Varaguna at Sendalai. </div>
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The third adversary of Aprajita was a Chola defeated at Chirrarrur. In all probability the Chola adversary was Aditya.(16) We know that subsquently Aditya killed Aparajita in the battle. This shows that Varaguna, Aditya, Bana and Muttarasa were on the side of Nrpatunga while Aparajita and Kampa, were aided by the Ganga ruler Prithivipati on the other. It was mentioned earlier that Aparajita's mother was a Ganga princess. That Aparajita was aided in the Sripurambiyam battle by Ganga Prithivipati is well known(17) Prithvipati obtained victory for his over lord Aparajita, but lost his life in that battle. </div>
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It would be interesting to note the various dates of accession of the kings suggested by scholars*. (* K. A. N. stands for K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, T. V. M. for T. V. Mahalingam S.R.B. for S. R. Balasubramaniam and T.N.S. for T. N. Subramaniam) </div>
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K.A.N. T.V.M.S.R.B. T.N.S. Nrpatunga859 to 99 869-910855 - Aparajita885 - 903 895-913878 - Kampavarman870 - 912878 - Aditya871 871871 870 </div>
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Aditya's conquest of Tondaimandalam is attested by his inscriptions found in Tirukkalukunram,(18) and Takkolam.(19) His 21st year inscription seems to be the earliest in Tondainadu. If this is taken as the basis, it would then mean that Aparajita had lost his life by 890. (the 20th year of Aditya). Aparajita's inscriptions are found upto his 18th year(20). So he should have ascended the throne about 870. Kampavarman came to the throne a few years earlier, circa 868 and Nrpatunga, two are three years earlier. Nrpatunga's accession can be placed about 865. On the basis of the above calculations the following would be our revised chronology. </div>
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Nrpatunga 865 to 906 A.D. Kampavarman 868 - 900 A.D. Aparajita 870 - 890 A.D. </div>
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Prof. Sastri, and S. R. Balasubramaniam agree to 890 as the last year of Aparajita. This tallies with our findings. T.V. Mahalingam's date of 913 for both Aparajita and Aditya seems to us to be unconvincing(21). </div>
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From this chronology and power alignment a few points of interest emerge. From 890 to 903 Nrpatunga's inscriptions are not found. Kampavarman probably accepted the suzerainty of Aditya and ruled upto 900. </div>
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<i> The role of Chieftains </i></div>
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The role of chieftains during this period requires carefull study. Banas, Gangas, Muttaraiyars, Irukkuvels, Viluppariyars, Tamil Peraraiyar, Pallavaraiyar etc. are found during this period. It is noteworthy that a number of chieftains bore the title Videlvidugu. We have the following Chieftains with this title. </div>
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1. Videlvidugu Muttaraiyan.(22) 2. Videlvidugu Kadupatti Tamil Peraraiyan(23) 3. Videlvidugu Vilupperadiyarayan(24) 4. Videlvidugu Ilangovelar.(25). </div>
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All these chieftains lived in the middle and later half of the ninth century. Vedilvidugu is a significant title of Dantivarman. </div>
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<i> Videlvidugu Kadupatti Tamil Peraraiyan </i></div>
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A Kadupatti Tamil Peraraiyan is mentioned as the Ajnapti of the Chirrur grant of Nrpatunga.(26) He was also called Dramidadhiraja and very abode of dharma. He again figures as the Ajnapti in the eighth year of Nrpatunga in the Bahur plates.(27) In this charter he is given his full title as Videlvidugu Kadupatti Tamil Peraraiyan. The Sanskrit portion calls him Uttamasila. Highly learned and a minister to Nrpatunga. He was held in high esteem by rulers. </div>
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Ajnaptih Uttamasilah Trailokyesvara Pujitah Mantri Brahaspati Prakhyah Rajno Sri Tungavarmanah </div>
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While one charter mentions him as Kadupatti Tamil Peraraiyan, another calls him Videlvidugu Kadupatti Tamil Peraraiyan. It is likely that he distinguished himself in the closing years of Danti and received the title Videlvidugu. The Kadupatti Tamil Peraraiyan was the executor of the grant of Vijaya Nandi Vikramavarman recorded in Thiruvallam. </div>
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<i>Videlvidugu Kadupatti Muttaraiyan </i></div>
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The Vijnapti of the Chirrur plates(28) issued in the sixth year of Nrpatunga was Muttaraiyan, who also had the title Paranjaya. He was a Bana and is called a descendent of Balikula. He is also called Agatrayesa and Saila trayendra.* (* [These are names of the Trikuta mountain, considered to the the highest peak of the Himalayas. Rulers of eminence assumed the title Trikutachalapati to mark their valour. The Cholas a little later assumed the little "Mummudi" which in all probability refers to Trikuta. </div>
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The cave temple at Malaiyadipatti, in Pudukkottai district, was excavated by one Kuvavan Sattan alias Videlvidugu Muttaraiyan in the 16th year of Dantivarman.(29) It is not known whether this Videlvidugu Muttaraiyan is identical with Kadupatti Muttaraiyan. </div>
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A Kadupatti Muttariya figures in an inscription of Dantivarman (the date is lost) from Pallipalayam village in Kanchipuram taluk.(30) He appears as a Vijnapti. This would suggest that Videlvidugu Muttaraiyan was identical with Kadupatti Muttaraiyan. Kadupatti Muttaraiya raided Koyattur in the reign of Bana Vijayaditta Virachulamani Prabhumeru as mentioned in the Punganur record.(31) This Bana Vijayaditta Prabhumeru, was a contemporary(32) of Nrpatunga and it is evident that this Kadupatti Muttaraiyan is identical with the Kadupatti Muttaraiya mentioned in the Chirrur plates as Vijnapti. </div>
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Dr. Ramesan has identified Paranjaya, the Vijnapti of Chirrur plates with Vikramaditya Jayameru Bana Vidyadhara.(33) Since Paranjaya and Vikramaditya were Banas, Ramesan ventured to suggest the identification. The identification is not correct since we have seen, the Paranjaya was Kadupatti Muttaraiya and that he invaded Koyattur under Bana Vidhyadhara. So Bana Paranjaya and Vikramaditya Jayameru Bana Vidhyadhara are two different persons. Vijayaditta, Vikramaditta and others called themselves Mavalivanadhiraya. They probably belonged to a colateral branch of the Bana family. The other Bana family took the title Mutarasa. Kadupatti Muttarasa was active from the 16th year of Dantivarman to that of Nrpatunga, for over sixty years from 810 to 870. </div>
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Kaduvetti Muttaraiya's son Arikanta Perumal, is mentioned in the 15th year of Nrpatunga in an inscription of Thiruvalangadu(34). Arikanta continued to hold power and influence upto the 24th year of Nrpatunga(35). In this record he is mentioned as the son of Kadupatti Muttaraiya. In all probability Kadupatti Muttaraiya passed away before the 15th year of Nrpatunga. </div>
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<i>Videlvidugu Hangovel </i></div>
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The Kodumbalur chiefs also seem to have been under the spell of the Pallavas in the eighth and ninth centuries before they turned hostile. To begin our study of Ilangovel, it is good of take up Videlvidugu Ilangovel mentioned in an inscription of Kampavarman. The inscription is dated between the 11th and 16th year(36) (884). The inscription comes from Thiruvorriyur, and states that Pudi Arindigai was queen of Videl vidugu Ilangovelar of Kodumbalur in Konadu. The damaged portion of the record beginning with the word 'Mut' could be reconstructed as 'Muttaraiyar' in which case the princess was a daughter of Muttaraiya. </div>
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As mentioned earlier, the tittle Videlvidugu, assumed prominence in the reign of Dantivarman. Probably this Ilangovelar served under Dantivarman towards the close of his reign and continued to serve upto Kampavarman's 15th year. </div>
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The alliance between the Muttaraiyar and Irukkuvel families is attested by another inscription of the same period. In the sixth year of a Parakesarivarman(37) a Varagunanatti Peruman, a daughter of Muttaraiya chief is mentioned as the wife of Sembiyan Irukkuvel. </div>
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The identification of Videlvidugu Ilangovel has posed considerarable problems to scholars. Videlvidugu Ilangovel has been identified by a scholar with Videlvidugu Muttaraiyan of the Malaiyadipatti inscription(38) This is quite off the mark and S. R. Balasubramanian is right in rejecting the suggestion. </div>
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It is seen that Videlvidugu Ilangovelan is active about the third quarter of the ninth century. We have an Ilangovelan of Kodumbalur active in the same period, with the name Tennavan Ilangovelan alias Maravan(39) Pudi. This Tennavan Ilangovelan is also identified with Parantaka Ilangovelan. </div>
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This problem is closely connected with the dating of the famous Kodumbalur temple and has been ably discussed in detail by S. R. Balasubramanian in his book on Middle Chola temples. It is therefore necessary to discuss this is detail. According to the Muvarkoil inscription(40), the builder of the temple was one Bhuti who also conquered one Virapandya. Bhuti had two queens, Karrali and Varaguna. He built the Vimanatraya (Muvarkoil) in his own name and in the name of his two queens. He had two sons, Parantaka and Aditya. These are the important points gleaned from the inscriptions. </div>
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S. R. Balasubrahmanian holds the following views. </div>
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1. Tennavan Ilangovel alias Pudi is different from Pudi Vikramakesari the builder of Kodumbalur temple. 2. Tennavan Ilangovelan alias Maravan Pudi was a contemporary of Nandi III and contemporary of Aditya I. 3. He had a wife Karrali Piratti. 4. He had another queen Nakkan Vikramakesari. 5. He had a daughter named Pudi Aditta Pidari. 6. There was another chieftain Parantaka Ilangovelan. 7. He had a wife Varaguna, a sister of Aditya I. 8. Balasubramanian does not agree with the view that Tennavan Ilangovel is identical with Parantaka Illangovel. 9. He agrees that there was a Parantaka, son of Pudi called Pudi Parantakan. 10. He holds Pudisvaram is different from Muvarkoil. 11. He states that Pudi had two sons Parantaka and Aditya and that we know nothing about them. 12. He also discusses in detail Vira Pandya, an adversary of Bhuti. </div>
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<i>The two Ilangovels </i></div>
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There are two Chieftains with the title Ilangovel; one Tennavan Ilangovel and another Parantaka Ilangovel. Some scholars hold the view that they are identical and others(41) hold that they are two different persons. It is necessary to examine this point. </div>
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Tennavan Ilangovel alias Maravan Puti (i.e. Puti son of Maravan), appears in inscriptions from the 16th year of Nandi, 855 A.D.(42) (Throughout the rule of Aditya I) to third year of Parantaka 910 A.D.(43) In all these inscriptions his title occurs as Tennavan Ilangovelan without any change. </div>
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There are two inscriptions dated in the 13th year of one Rajakesari(44) which mention Parantaka Ilangovelan; his surname is not known. If this Rajakesari is Aditya I, we have two Ilangovels, one, is Tennavan Ilangovel and another one is Parantaka Ilangovel. (We have shown the title Tennavan Ilangovel appearing for Maravan Puti till the 3rd year of Parantaka, without any change). If this Rajakesari is identified with Arinjaya II as held by K.A.N. (and S.R. Balasubramanian in his first book) then Parantaka Ilangovel is different from Tennevan Ilangovel. In both the account, it is clear that Tennavan Ilangovel is different from Parantaka Ilangovel as rightly held by S.R. Balasubramanian.(45) </div>
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The active period of Tennavan Ilangovel who also had the surname Puti was from 855 to 910. The date of Parantaka Ilangovel is disputed. The only reason adduced by S.R. Balasubramanian is Paleography. He holds the Lalgudi inscriptions has pulli and paleographically early and assigns it to Aditya I. On this count he holds the Lalgudi temple was built in the 27th year of Aditya and other inscriptions found on the temple were later copies. Paleography is not a safe guide, when the time gap is only 15 years (13th year of Aditya to 27th year of Aditya). If the 13th year epigraph of Rajakesari is that of Aditya I, then the view that the same temple was built around the 27th year is difficult to susstain. Aditya, Varaguna, Nandi III and Nrpatunga were all contemporaries and it is not surprising that their epigraphs have close resemblance. </div>
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So it is not wrong to hold that the 13th year at Lalgudi and Tillaisthanam, belong to the reign of Arinjaya as held by K.A.N. and S.R.B. (in his earlier work). So Parantaka Ilangovel is a later chieftain who lived in 960 A.D. but his surname is not known, while the name of Tennavan Ilangovel is Puti. There is a Puti in the reign of Aditya I and no Puti in the reign of Sundarachola. </div>
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The names Karrali and Varaguna as the wives of Puti are found in the reign of Aditya I. There is no Karrali in the reign of Sundarachola. A certain Varaguna appears as the wife, not of Puti, but as the wife of Parantaka Ilangovel. Puti appears in the early years of Parantaka Chola I, and in the same year, appears Puti Parantaka, son of Puti also. It is indisputable that this Puti Parantaka who had the title Sembiyan Irukkuvel, is the son of Puti alias Tennavan Ilangovel, a contemporary of Aditya I and Parantaka I. </div>
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There are three Varaguna's mentioned in inscriptions. 1. Varaguna the wife of Tennavan Ilangovel (in the reign of Aditya I and Parantaka I). 2. Varaguna, wife of Puti's son Parantaka alias Sembiyan Irukkuvel in the reign of Parantaka Chola I.(48) She was the daughter of a Muttaraiya and 3. Varaguna the wife of Parantaka Ilangovel in the reign of Arinjaya; she was the daughter of Arinjaya Chola.(49) </div>
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<i>The date of Kodumbalur temple </i></div>
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Three names mentioned in the Kodumbalur inscriptions namely Puti, his wife Karrali and their son Puti Parantaka appear in the reign of Aditya I and early years of Parantaka I, whereas the name of Varaguna alone appears in the reign of Sundarachola. It is therefore logical to hold that Tennavan Ilangovelan alias Puti (Son of Maravan) is identical with Puti the builder of the Kodumbalur temple and that he lived in the reign of Aditya I and early years of Parantaka I. The Kodumbalur temple should be assigned to the period of Circa 890 A.D. and not to 960 A.D. as held by S. R. Balasubramanian.(46) </div>
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In Nartamalai, we have an inscription dated in the reign of Nrpatunga, which refers to Videlvidugu Ilangovelan and his son Sattan Paliyili (who excavated the cave shrine to Siva).(47) Evidently the surname of Videlvidugu Ilangovelan was Sattan, while that of Tennavan Ilangovelan was Puti. It is evident that Videlvidugu Ilangovelan is different from, but an elder contemporary of, Tennavan Ilangovel the builder of the Kodumbalur temple. </div>
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<i>The problem of Virapandya </i></div>
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One more point that needs elucidation is Puti's adversary Virapandya. Sri S. R. Balasubramanian has discussed this problem, quite vigourously. He says that 'Vira Pandya, the enemy of Puti, was the one who took the head of Chola and that he came to the throne in 946 A.D. He was killed by Aditya II in the reign of Sundarachola and so the Kodumbalur temple should be assigned to the reign of Sundarachola I, later half of 10th Century.'(50) First of all the Kodumbalur inscription does not refer to Virapandya as "one who took the head of Chola". No title of Virapandya is mentioned. </div>
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"Yo Virah Virapandyam Vyajayata Samare" </div>
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Even if we take Vira Pandya of Kodumbalur record as identical with the one "who took the head of the Chola" it has not been established he was identical with the one "who was killed by Aditya II". A Virapandya, appears as a contemporary of Pandya Rajasimha II as early as 920 A.D. It has been shown on an analysis of inscriptions at Pallimadam, Thiruppattur, Ambasamudram, Kuttalam etc., that a Virapandya lived in the closing years of ninth Century and early years of 10th Century A.D.(51) </div>
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The Kodumbalur inscription of Bhuti, the builder of the Muvarkoil, refers to the victories gained by the chieftain. It states that "the water of Kaveri was turned red with the blood of the Pallava forces and this warrior defeated Vira Pandya in battle and became death to Vanji Vel".(52) </div>
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Kaveri vari Sonam samakrta rudiraih Pallavasya dhvajinyah Yo Viro Vira Pandyam Vyajayata Samare labdanyanama nrpah </div>
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Commenting on this Prof. K.A.N. Sastri says "One wonders, however, if by the expression Pallavasya dhvaijinayah, the composer of the incription means "Vallabhasya dhvajinyah" which would be an allusion to the conquest of Chola country by the Rashtrakuta Krishna III, which occurred towards the close of the reign of Parantaka". </div>
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It should be studied in the light of Sinnamanur, larger copper plate charter of Pandya Rajasimha,(53) and also a herostone recently found at Karur by the Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology. The later refers to a soldier, under Vanjivel who lost his life in a battle. The Paleography of the epigraph suggests the same period as that of the Kodumbalur inscription. The place Karur, where the herostone has been found was called Vanji in both ancient inscriptions and literature. </div>
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The Sinnamanur Copper plates, mentions a number of conquests of Pandya Rajasimha. </div>
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1. He conquered his enemies at Ulappinimangalam. 2. The King of Tanjore was defeated at Naippur. 3. The great army was routed at Kodumbalur. 4. The soldiers were destroyed and the fortified city of Vanji on the northern banks of river kaveri was consigned to flames, and 5. The King of southern Tanjore defeated. </div>
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Rajasimha II ascended the throne around 900 A.D. His contemporary Chola rulers were Aditya I and Parantaka I. This charter was issued in his 16th year. So victory over the ruler of Tanjore I (Chola) and Kodumbalur, should be placed before 915 A.D. The Chola, who was defeated at Naippur was either Aditya I or Parantaka I. Similarly the encounter with the Kodumbalur Chief should have taken place in the first decade of the 10th century A.D. </div>
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The only reference to the fight of the early Pandyas with a Kodumbalur Chieftain occurs in this plate and that it has taken place around 910 A.D. Correspondingly we have a reference in the Kodumbalur inscription of Bhuti, of a conquest over ViraPandya. We have seen Bhuti lived in the later half of 9th and early 10th Century A.D. We have a Vira Pandya with Rajasimha. This Vira Pandya should have taken part in the battles fought by Rajasimha and obviously the adversary of Bhuti was this Virapandya. </div>
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We have seen that Rajasimha boasts of a victory over the ruler of Tanjore at Naippur who could be none other than the Chola. That Vira Pandya participated in the expenditions of Rajasimha was also mentioned earlier. This Virapandya assumed the title 'Cholantaka' and 'Cholan talaikonda' and this should be after the Naippur battle. </div>
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The fight of Kodumbalur Bhuti with Vanjivel should have taken place prior to his encounter with Vira Pandya. Karur was under the control of Pallavas and that Vanjivel was in all probability a Pallava feudatory. Bhuti's boasts of turning the water of Kaveri red with the blood of Pallava army, might have taken place in this region. The herostone recently found at Karur refering to the death of a soldier of Vanjivel, might refer to this encounter. </div>
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K. A. N. Sastri's suggestion that the term Pallavasya dhvajinyah probably stood for Vallabhasya dhvajinyah arise from his stand that Bhuti lived in the middle of 10th century and that there was no Pallava then. But we have shown that Bhuti lived in the last quarter of the 9th and early 10th century A.D. when the Pallavas were still a power to reckon with. So the word Pallvasya Dhvajinyah occuring in the inscription is quite correct and needs no change. </div>
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From the above we conclude that (1) Tennavan Ilangovel alias Pudi, son of Maravan, who appears in the reign of Pallava Nandi, and Cholas Aditya and Parantaka I is identical with Bhuti Vikramakesari, the builder of the Muvarkoil, of Kodumbalur, and that the same was built in the closing years of ninth century A.D. (2) The temple built by this Puti is the temple Pudisvaram, mentioned in many of Parantaka's inscriptions. It is the wellknown custom that the temples built by a person is named after him. (3) The name Rishabha Perumanadigal of Thiruppudisvaram occuring in an inscription refers to the Nandi (Rshabha) of the Pudisvaram and not to the main deity of the temple. </div>
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Though the Kodumbalur inscription refers to the construction of the temple, its exact date is not known. But the earliest reference to Pudisvaram occurs in the 21st year of Aditya.(54) So it should have been built around 890. </div>
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Whatever the case may be, it is clear that the Kodumbalur Velirs, who were on the side of the Pallavas till the middle of the ninth century, are seen slowly shifting their allegiance to the newly emerging power of the Cholas. Yet the Pallava impact on the Kodumbalur Velir is profound and cannot be ignored in writing the art history of the period. </div>
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<i>Videlvidugu Vilupperadi araiyan </i></div>
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Videlvidugu Vilupperadi araiyan, figures in an inscription of the Satyagirisvara temple, Thirumeyyam.(55) His mother Perumbidugu Perumdevi is said to have renovated the temple. </div>
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<i>Videlvidugu Perungannan</i> </div>
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Interestingly, the smith who embossed the royal seal of Velanjeri plates of Aparajita was Videlvidugu Perunkannan. Probably he served the Pallava rulers from the closing years of Dantivarman. </div>
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<i>The rise and fall of Aparajita </i></div>
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We have seen that the Kodumbalur Velir Chieftains, the Muttaraiya, Tamil Peraraiyans, and also the Pandya Varaguna joined hand with the Cholas and probably with Nrpatunga and presented a formidable opposition to Kampavarman and his son Aparajita. The Ganga ruler Prithvipati was the sole supporter of Aparajita. Obviously the battle fought at sripurambiyam should have been a terrible one. That the Pallava emerged victorious speaks to his power and valour. But this was short lived. Aditya soon gaining his power struck the final blow and Aparajita lost his life. </div>
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<i> Course of Events </i></div>
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The course of events could be reconstructed as follows:- </div>
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Nandi III chose Nrpatunga the younger, in preference to Kampa the elder, on account of Rashtrakuta influence. Nrpatunga had Bana Paranjaya alias Kadupatti Muttarayan also on his side. The Pandya ruler Varguna who was a son through a Bana Princess, Naturally, received the help of Nrpatunga. Varaguna's father Sri Mara Sri Vallabha had already extended his power upto Kumbakonam. That explains the presence of Varaguna II in the Chola heart land from the very beginning of his rule. In the meanwhile, Kampavarman overthrew Nrpatunga, by about 868 A.D. Varaguna, with a view to aid his ally did some fighting and extended his power as far north as Pennar. Though Kampa was able to overthrow Nrpatunga from his Kanchi throne, he was losing on the borders, and chose his son Aparajita as heir apparent, to help him. Apparajita had a joint rule with his father Kampavarman throughout his life. Aparajita fought bravely against formidable combination of enemies. The Velanjeri plates dated in his ninth regnal year refers to his fight against a Bana, a Pandya at Karanai, and a Chola at Chirrarrur. All these fights should be placed between the years 870 and 880. This plate however does not mention the battle of Sripurambiyam, where Aparajita won a signal victory (though he lost his trusted friend Ganga Prithvipathi). The battle of Sripurambiyam should have taken place after the ninth year (880 A.D.) of Aparajita as it does not figure in this plate. </div>
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The Sripurambiyam battle though gave a great victory to Aparajita, removed his powerful friend Prithvipathi from the scene and this ultimately led to his defeat and death around 890 A.D. The battle field where Aditya and Aparajita met and Aparajita lost his life is not known. It is likely their encounter took place in the Chola country not far away from Kumbakonam. Aditya should have pressed his advantage further and brought the entire Tondainadu under his control. The title "Tondainadu Pavina" should be assigned to Aditya. After the death of Aparajita, Kampavarman should have accepted the suzerainty of Aditya and was allowed to issue his charters and lived upto his 32nd regnal year, circa 900 A.D. </div>
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Nrpatunga's inscription is not found from his 25th year to his 41st year. Probably after the death of Aprajita, Nrpatunga was also driven out an account of his Rashtrakuta alliance. Though Aditya contacted Rashtrakuta alliance and had a son Kannara deva through his Rashtrakuta spouse, his other son Parantaka had asserted himself by 890 and as such, the Rashtrakuta alliance was overthrown. It led to the disappearance of Nrpatunga from the scene for sometime. He reappeared in the Thiruttani region in his 41st year, about 906 A.D. that is the year when Parantaka ascended the throne. Parantaka quickly put an end to Nrpatunga around that year. </div>
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There is one point that needs consideration. When a ruler conquerred a territory, it was customary to confer it back on the vanguished ruler or one of his family members after levying a tribute. In this instance the records of the region may be dated either in the regnal year of the overlord or the vanquished ruler. This causes no doubt confusion in reconstructing history but that seems to havae been the ancient law. This also would explain the presence of inscriptions of both the Pallava and Chola rulers of the same period in the same region. The presence of the inscriptions of both Aditya and Kampavarman simultaneously in the same region can be reconciled only by this way. If that be so who was the Pallava appointed by Parantaka after his conquest of Tondaimandalam region? This needs further study and future discoveries alone will throw light on this subject. Another point which is not possible of any solution at present, is the rule of Pallava Nandi, the victor of Tellaru. </div>
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<i>Pallava Chola Transition </i></div>
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Some of the important temples in Tanjore-Pudukkottai region are Thirumeyyam, Kudumiyamalai, Malayadipatti, Kunnandar Koil etc. In Thirumeyyam an early inscription is that of a Pallava feudatory Videlvidugu Vilupperadiarasan also known as Sattan Maran. In Kudimiyamalai, an inscription of Aditya, dated in 20th year (890 A.D.) mentions Perumbidugu Muttarayar's wife Nangai making gifts. The connection of this Perumbidugu Muttarasa with the Pallavas is obvious from the title. In Kunnandar Koil we have an inscription of Pallava Nandi. The Malayadipatti cave temple was excavated by Videlvidugu Muttaraiyan in the reign of Pallava Dantivarman. The Muttaraiyars mentioned in Sendalai Pillar were feudatories of the Pallavas is also known. It is clear that in all these important places in Tanjore-Pudukkottai, the Pallava power and impact were very much effective in the 9th cent. A.D. It has been shown that these Muttaraiya chieftains were active both in the Kanchipuram and Tanjore-Pudukkottai regions. It would show that the Pallava art of the Tondaimandalam region, very much influenced the Muttaraiya foundations. Also the Irrukkuvel-Ilangovel family were the feudatories under the Pallavas, active in Thiruvorriyur region and Pudukkottai regions as seen by the presence of Videlvidugu Ilangovelan. Naturally the impact of the Pallava art was felt at the Irukkuvel court as well. Till the rise of Aditya in the Tanjore region, the area was under the control of the Pallavas and the art form that flourished there was essentially the Pallava school, of the late 9th cent. A.D. from which the art of the region flowered. The temples built by the chieftains bear late Pallava mark. It is in this context, that the resemblance between the Thiruttani, Takkolam and other decidedly later Pallava temples of the age of Aparajita and the early Aditya temples should be viewed. They certainly represent a transitional phase. The present Aparajita's copper plate charter not only removes the confusion in the latter Pallava history but also in the transitional art. </div>
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1. Velanjeri Plates: R. Nagaswamy, The Hindu Dated 11-12-1977. 2. S. I. I. XII No. 95. 3. Vijayanagara inscription at Thiruttani, newly copied by the Tamilnad State Archaeology Department. 4. E. I. VII P. 196; also T. V. Mahalingam, Kanchipuram in Early South Indian History, p. 221. 5. E. I. XVIII, P. 5-15; T. N. Subramaniam, Thirty Pallava Copper Plates (Tamil) 1968 pp. 263-276, 6. Dr. N. Ramesan, "Studies in Mediaeval Deccan History", p. 71. 7. E. I. VII, P. 196. 8. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, p. 160. 9. T. V. Mahalingam, Kanchipuram in Early South Indian History, p. 211 10. Ibid. 11. Epi. Indica XVIII. . 5 to 15. 12. Dr. N. Ramesan, Studies in Mediaeval Deccan History, p. 2 to 76. 13. Dr. R. Nagaswamy, Studies in Ancient Tamil Law and Society, p. 36. 14. Dr. R. Ramesan, Studies in Mediaeval Deccan History, p. 73. 15. Epi. Indica XVIII, p. 5-15. 16. Chola adversary Aparajita - Note. 17. Udayendram plates of Hastimalla, S.I.I. vol. II, No.76. 18. 167 of 1894; EI, III, p. 277 ff. 19. S.I.I. Vol. V. No. 368; E. I. XIX p. 85. 20. S.I.I. XII No. 95. 21. T. V. Mahalingam - Kanchipuram in Early South Indian History-p. 214-220. 22. I.P.S. No. 17. 23. T. N. Subrahmaniam, Thirty Pallava copper plates. 24. Pudukottai Inscription, No. 13. 25. S.I.I. XII No. 103. 26. Dr. N. Ramesan, Studies in Mediaeval Deccan History, p. 25. 27. Epi. Indica XVIII, p. 11. 28. Dr. N. Ramesan, Studies in Mediaeval Deccan History, p. 25. 29. I.P.S. No. 17. 30. S.I.I. XII No. 44. 31. Dr. N. Ramesan, Ibid, p. 29. 32. Dr. N. Ramesan, Ibid-p. 29. 33. Dr. N. Ramesan, Ibid, p. 29. 34. S.I.I. XII No. 66. 35. S.I.I. XII No. 75. 36. S.I.I. XII No. 103. 37. I.P.S. No. 45, S.I.I. Vol. XIX, No. 155. 38. I.P.S. No. 17. 39. S.I.I.XII No. 560. 40. I.P.S. No. 14. 41. S. R. Balasubramaniam, Mediaeval Chola temples, p. 108 to 130. 42. Epigraphia India XXXII No. 10. 43. S.I.I. VII, No. 568 ARE. 258 1908; S.I.I. VIII, No. 208. 44. S.I.I. XIII, No. 240 III 113. 45. S. R. Balasubramaniam, Early Chola temples, p. 131. 46. S. R. Balasubramaniam, Early Chola temples, p. 130. 47. S.I.I. XII No. 63. 48. Kudimiyamalai Record of Sembiyan Irukkuvel, S.I.I. vol. XIX, No. 155. 49. S.I.I. XIII No. 240 and 113 S.I.I. III. 50. S. R. Balasubramaniam, Early Chola temples, p. 124. 51. Dr. R. Nagaswamy, Pallava Pandya Art Links-South Indian Studies pages 162-165. 52. K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Journal of Oriental Research, p.1-10. 53. Sinnamanur Copper plates, S.I.I. Vol. III, part IV, No. 206. 54. I.P.S. No. 33. 55. I.P.S. No. 13.</div>
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<i>VELANCHERI PLATES OF PARANTAKA CHOLA I</i></div>
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<i> The plates </i></div>
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Parantaka's charter, consists of five plates fastened to a ring and seal. The plates measure 22 cm. in length, 6.5 c.m. in breadth and 3 m.m. in thickness. The charter is engraved on both the sides of all the copper plates. The ring and seal are intact. The lertters are fairly well preserved. </div>
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<i>The seal </i></div>
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The seal, fairly well preserved and measuring 7.5 c.m. in diameter is fastened to a ring 15.0 c.m. in diameter. On the face of the seal is found the chola emblem, viz. two fish and a seated tiger placed on a bow flanked by two lamp stands and topped by a parasol and two chauris. Running around the emblem is an inscription in grantha characters recording that it is a charter of Parakesarivarman. The inscription is fully preserved. The emblem and the letters are embossed from a mould and are not chisselled. The inscription on the seal reads:- </div>
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Svasti Sri Srimat chandra nyuteneva Chola vamsa sikhamaneh Sasanam Chola bhubartuh Parakesarivarmanah. </div>
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<i>The grant </i></div>
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The grant is in two parts, the first part is in Sanskrit, written in grantha characters and the second part is in Tamil, in Tamil characters. Both the parts refer to the gift of villages made by Parantaka chola, the Sanskrit part being brief and the Tamil part giving detailed descriptions of the lands, taxes exempted etc. However it is in the Sanskrit portion the geneology of the grantor is given, which is of great interest for reconstructing history. Like all other copper plates of the period, the sanskrit portion is in poetry and prose. However the sanskrit portion lacks the poetic embellishments found in Aparajita's charter. The Sanskrit part consists of 17 verses followed by a prose. </div>
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Parantaka's plate is dated in his 25th regnal year, 932 A.D. It gives the names of the progenitors of the Chola line beginning with Vishnu, followed by Brahma, Marichi, Kasyapa, Surya and Usinara. Karikala, Sibi and Koccengannan receive special attention. The tale of Sibi is often repeated in all the Chola records and literature. This record says that Lord Agni took the form of a vulture and came chasing the dove. With a view to save the suffering and life of the dove, Sibi gave his own flesh and rescued the dove from torture. </div>
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<i> Karikala </i></div>
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Three important events in the life of Karikala are mentioned. (1) He caused the crest of the Cholas marked on the slopes of Himalayas. (2) He raised embankments on either side of river Kaveri and controlled its flood and (3) he made Kanchi a city of palaces. </div>
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Parantaka Chola's Udayendram plates(1) mention only the name of Karikala without referring to his exploits. Hence this is perhaps the earliest Chola record to refer to the exploits of Karikala. The two points of historic interest are the raising of embankments on either side of river Kaveri; and his conquest upto Kanchi. Regarding the later event, Prof. Sastri has the following to say(2) 'His conquest of Tondaimandalam and settlement of agrarian colonies there, are other elements in the Karikala legends, that can find no support from the earliest authorities on his reign. It would seem that Tondainadu was ruled by Tondaiman Ilamtiraiyan in the days of Karikala and there is no satisfactory evidence in support of the suggestion that has been made that this chieftain was the grandson of Karikala or atleast a viceroy appointed by him after his conquest of Kanchi'. </div>
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The above views of Sastri need modification in the light of the present grant. This seems to suggest that Karikala's power extended upto Kanchi and that Karikala fortified the city and built great palaces. According to literary sources Karikala's son is said to have married a Naga princess and the child born to them was called Tiraiyan. The word Tiraiyan is derived from the legend that he was wafted on the shore by the waves of the sea (tirai-i.e.-wave). Interestingly an eighth century Pallava copper plate seems to lend support to this legend. The Kasakkudi plate(3) referring to the lake (now called Tenneri) Triayaneri calls it in the sanskrit portion as Tira-laya-tataka. Tira-laya (wafted on the shore) appears as the Sanskrit equivalent of Tiraiyan. This legend seems to have been popular long before 8th century., the date of the Kasakkudi plates. Karikala's conquest of Kanchi as suggested by the present copper plate of Parantaka shows that it was a historical fact and that Tiraiyan was in some way connected with Karikala. </div>
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<i>Koccengannan </i></div>
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The legend of Koccengannan, being a spider in his earlier birth and on account of weaving a web over the linga, is referred to in saint Appar's Devaram in 7th Century A.D. The story of Kaccengannan being a spider and blessed by Siva, taking birth in the line of Cholas is mentioned in this grant. It seems to be almost a translation of what Saint Appar says in his Devaram. </div>
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A point of interest is the number of battles won by Koccengannan, mentioned by Thirumangai Alvar.(4) In the Thirunaraiyur Padigam (sacred hymns on the Lord of Thirunaraiyur), Thirumangai Alvar, calls him Sembiyan Koccengannan Koccolan, Ten nadan (Lord of the Southern country is Pandya), Kudakongan Ponninadan, Ten Tamilan, Vadapulakkon etc. Among the battles, Venni figures prominently, but his opponents at Venni are not mentioned. One Vilandavel is mentioned as an enemy defeated by him. Alundai, probably identical with Teralundur near Mayuram is also mentioned as a battlefield where he distinquished himself. Thirumangai also refers to the construction of seventy madakkoil to 'Entol Isar' generally identified with Siva. There are also others who consider this as a reference to ashta bujakara Vishnu. At any rate he seems to have been a great devotee of both Siva and Vishnu. While such great victories are mentioned by Thirumangai, a saint of eighth century A.D., no other record speaks of his conquests. Even this plate of Parantaka refers only to the spider story of Koccengannan. (Parantaka was not a religious fanatic. In this very copper plate his benefactions to Srirangam and Kanyakumari are mentioned). That this plate also refers to Koccengannan as a Sivabhakta and is silent abut this Vishnu bhakti would indicate that Thirumangai's reference to his construction of seventy mada temple to Entol Isar, seems to refer to Siva temples. </div>
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<i>Orriyuran, the father of Vijayalaya </i></div>
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The charter refers to one Orriyuran born in that family. The inscription places Orriyuran immediately after Koccengannan.(5) The name Orriyuran is significant. Orriyur is the name of a sacred Saivite village near Madras and obviously the name Orriyuran is derived from this village. In the time of the early Cholas, a number of chieftains like the Irukkuvel and Ilangovel are seen bearing this name.(6) Obviusly these names were after this Chola who figures as the father of Vijayalaya in this record. Incidently this is the first time we get the name of the father of Vijayalaya as Orriyuran. The name of Vijayalaya is not specifically mentioned in this record but it says that the son of Orriyuran was a great fighter, the fire to the forest of enemy rulers. His son is mentioned as Aditya. </div>
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The record does not mention either the battles or conquests of Vijayalaya and Aditya. </div>
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<i>Parantaka </i></div>
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Aditya's son is referred to as Parantaka. This charter is silent even about Parantaka's conquest though it was issued in the 25th year when he had made major conquests over Madurai and Lanka and assumed the title, 'Maduraiyum Ilamum Konda'.(7) His Udayendram plate issued a few years earlier refers to these conquests but yet they are not mentioned in this record. On the other hand this record refers to the performance of Tulabhara ceremonies in Ramesvaram Kanyakumari and Srirangam by Parantaka. This is new information furnished by this grant. It is known from other grants and ulas, that Parantaka covered the golden hall of Chidambaram with gold. The omission of reference to these events means nothing. </div>
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It is difficult to say whether Parantaka gilded Chidambaram temple with gold after his 25th year or earlier. </div>
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<i>The earliest chola copper plate </i></div>
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All eminent scholars have taken the Anbil plates of Sundara Chola, as the earliest copper plate charter of the Chola dynasty.(8) This view is not correct. The Udayendram plates, referring to Prithvipati II Hastimala edited by Hultsch in S.I.I. II Pt. III was wrongly labelled as 'Udayendram plates of Prithvipati'. The plate was issued by Parantaka in his 15th regnal year. In both the Sanskrit and Tamil portion the donor is Parantaka Chola, Prithvipati clearly figuring as Vijnapti. And this seems to have escaped the attention of the scholars eversince Hultsch made the suggestion in 1896. The plate should be properly labelled 'Udayendram plates of Parantaka' and is the earliest plate known of the Chola line. </div>
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The information furnished in the Udayendram plates, taken in the light of Velancheri plates of Aparajita seems to throw more light on the Pallava-Chola transitional period. The Karandai plates of Rajendra,(9) states that Parantaka defeated a Pallava. Who is this Pallava? It seems to us that it was Nrpatunga. It is known that Aditya had besides Parantaka, another son Kannaradeva, through a Rashtrakuta princess. Prof. K. A N. Sastri states that Parantaka has to deal with this rival claim to the throne and that Rashtrakuta Krishna, invaded the Chola country to secure the throne for his grandson Kannara and that Parantaka repelled the invasion.(9) We have seen Nrpatunga was born of a Rashtrakuta princess and had the backing of Rashtrakutas. The Banas, as seen from the Chirrur and Bahur plates, were the allies of Nrpatunga. It is also seen that the Ganga rulers were the allies of Aparajita opposing the Banas. It is also seen from the Udayendram plates the Banas were uprooted by Parantaka and the country made over to Ganga Prithvipathi on whom the title Banadhiraja was confered. Obviously the Pallava adversary of Parantaka in all probability was Nrpatunga. The 41st year record of Nrpatunga coming from Madavalam near Thiruttani(10) seems to be the last of his record which according to the date of his accession held by us, falls in the initial year of Parantaka. Prof. Sastri considers the Bana adversaries of Parantaka as Vikramaditya II and Vijayaditya III(1) </div>
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<i>The gift </i></div>
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The plate records the gift of three villages, Talaivedu, Mayangaru, and Kilagal as Brahmadeya gift to the Brahmins well versed in vedas and vedangas including the Sahasra sakha of Samaveda, residing at the village Melirunceru. The gift was made by Parantaka, at the request of one Brahmavanvadhiraja. The grant record that the King gifted the villages with great faith and devotion by pouring water from a golden pitcher. The grant also records the boundaries of the villages gifted, the taxes exempted and the rights and previleges attached to the same. The villages mentioned as boundaries include Pundi, Nenmali, Arungalam, Melirunceru, Padpakkam, Nedungunram, Mudippali, Mathura, Ulanjur and Nallarrur, all situated near Thiruttani. </div>
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The territorial division mentioned include Kunravardhanakottam, Naduvinmalai Illatturnadu and Thiruttaniyal nadu. </div>
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The three villages gifted were clubbed with the Melirunceru village and were directed to pay 3000 Kadi of paddy and nine Kalanju of gold. The three thousand Kadi of paddy mentioned as Pancavara is probably to measure five times a year. It seems that each village was expected to pay 1000 kady of paddy per annum. Aparajita's plate also refers to 1000 kady of paddy as Pancavara. </div>
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<i>Konerinmaikondan </i></div>
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The Tamil portion of the copper plate charter begins with the word Konerinmaikondan. Several hundred inscriptions of 10th to 14th cent. A.D. begin with this term Knerinmaikondan, which literally means 'an unparalleled king'. This charter shows that the usage 'Konerinmaikondan' has come into vogue even in the early years of Parantaka's rule. Secondly the term is always used in a technical sense. When a king makes a gift himself the epigraph begins with the word Konerinmaikondan. Whenever an epigraph begins with the word Konerinmaikondan it invariably means, that the epigraph relates to a gift by the ruler himself. This charter shows that this custom has come into use from the beginning of 10th cent. This usage seems to be an innovation of the early chola period. </div>
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<i>The Composer and Engraver </i></div>
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The last portion of the charter in Sanskrit has three verses, in some what damaged condition. The first verse mentions the name of the composer as Rutsa, a poet. The second verse refers to Parantaka as Virachola and records the usual appeal by the donor to the later rulers to protect the gift. The third verse gives the name of the engraver of the grant as Virachola Mahataksha, an eminent artist, well versed in the science of Visvakarma. That the royal scribe received the title of his emperor Virachola is note worthy. </div>
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1. S.I.I. Vol. II No. 76. 2. The Cholas K. A. Nilakianta Sastri, Madras 1955 p. 36. 3. S.I.I. Vol. II, part III. 4. Thirumangi Alwar, Naraiyur Padigam. 5. Dr. R. Nagaswamy, on Thiruttani, The Hindu, 11-12-77, Since Orriyuran is mentioned immediately after Koccengannan, I first took the word sa eva and took Orriyuran to be the son of Koccengannan. But on other consideration I think it is possible that they were separated by some centuries. 6. Early Chola Art, S. R. Balasubramaniam. 7. The Cholas, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, p. 122. 8. Ibid. p. 157. 9. Ibid. p. 120. 10. A.R.E. 138 of 1943-44. 11. S. R. Balasubramaniam, Early Chola temples, p. 126. </div>
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<i>TIRUTTANI </i></div>
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There are four temples in Thiruttani village, viz., (1) The Subrahmanya temple, on top of the hill. (2) The Arumugaswamy temple at the foot of the hill. (3) The Virattanesvara temple built by Nambi Appi in the reign of Aparajita and (4) The Vijayaraghavapperumal temple. </div>
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Inscriptions have been copied from all the temples, by the Government Epigraphist for India in the year 1905. The earliest inscription in the village is that of Aparajita dated in his 18th regnal year, found in the Virattana temple. The Chola king, Madurai konda Parakesari, Parantaka I, is the next ruler to be represented. Rajaraja, Rajendra I, Rajadhiraja I, and Vikrama Chola are other Chola kings represented in inscriptions. The important Vijayanagar epigraphs are dated in the reign of Krishnadevaraya and Sadasiva. </div>
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<i>Virattana </i></div>
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In the 18th year of Pallava Aparajita, Nambi Appi built this temple and gifted 1000 Kuli of lands.(1) The Government Epigraphical report for the year 1905, records four inscriptions from the Virattana temple. In the 18th regnal year of Aparajita, Nambi Appi the builder of the temple, bought 1000 kuli of land from the villagers, and endowed it to the temple and paid in the hands of the village assembly necessary amount towards taxes to be lived from the land. The village assembly in its turn gave a perpetual exemption of taxes for the land. The Dharmis of the village agreed to administer the endowment. It was stipulated that from the proceeds of the land, worship should be performed twice a day in the temple and that four measures of rice shuld be mesaured for two food offerings and oil for lamps to be burned on the two sandhis. It is interesting to note from this record that there was a group of members in the village, called Urdharmis (Executors of village endowments). The dharmis probably worked as a limb of the village assembly. The dharmis of this village agreed to pay a fine of a quarter pon, in case they failed to maintain in the endowment. The end passage of the record seems to suggest that the members of the village assembly of Thiruttani were themselves the Dharmins. </div>
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The fact that provisions were made for worship by Nambi Appi, the builder, in the 18th year of the reign of Aparajita, shows that the temple has come into existence by that year. The record that refers to the construction of the temple by Nambi Appi, which is in verse form, seems to have been engraved as the same time as the previous record,that mentions the gift of land for worship. The verse is said to have been composed by Perumanadigal, identified with the ruler Aparajita. It shows the personel interest evinced by the emperor in the temple. The builder, Nambi Appi is praised as a scholar in all the arts. The term Nambi, seems to indicate that he was a priest, probably of the Saiva faith. The temple is said to have been built of black granite, and is named a stone temple. </div>
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The Virattana temple continued to be of considerable importance till about 1130 A.D. Early in the reign of Rajaraja I (900 A.D.) the annual committee of the village assembly of Thiruttani village agreed to supervise the provision of a lamp for which an endowment was made(2). Towards the end of Raja Raja's reign in 1010 A. D., an individual bought and endowed a land for feeding pilgrims going to and returning from Srivenkatam.(3) Another inscription from the same temple also records the gift of land for feeding pilgrims going to and returning from, Venkatam. It shows the place occupied by Thiruvenkatam in the 10th century and the importance of Thiruttani on the route. Three inscriptions of Rajendra I are found in the temeple referring to some transactions. The temple was continued to be called Virattanam. There is a reference to Siruvellur (modern Thiruvellore, half way between Madras and Thiruttani) as being situated in Tenkarai Ilayurnadu, a distsrict of Vesalippadi (modern Vysaarpadi near Madras)(4) Another inscription, in the same temple, the date of which is not available, refers to a gift of lamp to the temple of Lord Subrahmanya on top of the hill. </div>
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This lovely little apsidal temple has evoked considerable interest among scholars, as a land mark in the history of later Pallava temples. </div>
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<i>Subrahmanya temple </i></div>
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As mentioned earlier the Subrahmanya temple was in existence, before the 9th year of Aparajita. Only one inscription has been copied by the Government Epigraphist from this temple in the year 1905.(5) </div>
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The relevant report reads "On a stone set up close to the garbhagraha of the subrahmanya temple in the same village. A record in the thirty second year of the Chola king Maduraikonda Parakesari (Parantaka); built in at the bottam; records gift of land apparently by a certain Parakesari Muttaraiyan to the temple of Subrahmanya Pillayar who was pleased to stand on the hill at Thiruttaniyal near Aguvur, the eastern hamlet of Perumkanchi in Ogavalanadu, a district of Malur kottam, which formed part of Jayamkondachola mandalam. The characters of the inscription are comparatively modern." </div>
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Obviusly this inscription was in full when the Government Epigraphist copied it in he year 1905. But this has since been removed during renovations and was noticed by me in a mutilated form in two parts. </div>
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There is some confusion in the ARE report. It may be seen that Tondaimandalam is refered to as Jayamkonda cholamandalam, a name given to it only in the reign of Raja Raja I, and the inscription could not belong to the time of Parantaka, as reported. The inscription does not begin with the title Madurai konda Ko Parakesari but simply as Parakesari and is a record of Rajendra I. That in the reign of Rajendra this temple continued to attract attention is attested. </div>
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Secondly a Muttaraiya Chief Parakesari Muttaraiya endowed land is of vital interest. We have shown the close connection of the Muttaraiya family of this region with the Tanjore-Pudukottai region even in the reign of Nrpatunga. Mention has been made that the 8th century Pallava Subrahmanya image, made of stone, is now in the Prakara and not in the sanctum. </div>
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Three Epigraphs have been noticed by Tamilnad Archaeology Department on the walls of the sanctum and two of them are dated in the reign of Vijayanagara Emperor, Krishnadevaraya of 16th cent. CE. </div>
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The first record dated in the reign of Saluva Krishnadevamaharaya in the year saka 1433 (1511 CE.) equal unto the year Prajapati, refers to the endowment of money to Lord Subrahmanya, by a certain Appuvi Paikungeyyan, of Manimangalam, who was an accountant at Thiruttani. The Tamil equivalent day of the grant is Tai-pusa, in the year Prajapati. Lord Subrahmanya is refered to as Sengalunirp pillaiyar pleased to stand on Thiruttani hill. </div>
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From the above inscriptions two points of interest are noticed. The name of Lord Subrahmanya, which was known as Subrahmanya or Shanmuga in the nineth, 10th and 11th centuries and probably later as well, was called Sengalunir Pillaiyar in the 16th century in the time of Krishnadevaraya. </div>
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It is of interest to mention that the celebrated poet of 14th century Arunagirinathar, who has composed several thousand poems, called Thiruppugazh on Lord Muruga refers to Subrahmanya as Sengamala Pillaiyar. </div>
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The second point of interest is that even today the Tai-pusam is a celebrated festival to Lord Subrahmanya and the gift was made on such a day. The endowment consisted of 100 panams, the interest accruing from that has to be utilised for food offerings, lamp etc., Nearly three years later, in the reign of the same ruler, Krishnadevaraya, a similar endowment was made probably by the same person. </div>
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The third inscription also on the wall of the main shrine, refers to some gifts in the year 1760 A.D. (the saka year and the Angirasa year mentioned in the epigraph do not tally). Thiruttani is said to be in Narayanap-parru in the sub-division Kunravardhana kottam of Jayamkonda chola mandalam. </div>
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The present main shrine of the Subrahmanya temple of Thiruttani, was rebuilt in the reign of Krishnadevaraya, when the Pallava subrahmanya image was replaced by the present one. The bronze images of Shanmugaswamy and others in the temple are of the age of Krishnadevaraya, 16th century A.D. </div>
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<i> Arumuka temple </i></div>
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There is another Subrahmanya temple at the foot of the hill now called Arumukaswami temple. Three inscriptions have been copied from this temple. The earliest is dated in the reign of Parantaka I (Madurai konda Parakesari). But it is not in its original position and probably belongs to the other temple. A damaged record belonging to the reign of Vira Kampana, the Vijayanagara ruler is dated 1365 CE. It is possible that this temple came into existence during this period. The prakara around the temple was built by a Vellanadu chola feudatory Thiruvengadanatha deva chola Maharaja, who is styled a Mahamandaleswara.(6) </div>
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Vijayaraghava temple </div>
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The present Vijayaraghava temple in the village, seems to have been rebuilt in the early Vijayanagar period in 14th century, but was under worship even in the early 10th century A.D. A land was gifted to the temple by the village assembly of Thiruttani, in the 34th year of Parantaka Chola I, 940 A.D. An inscription of Parantaka giving this detail is now in the temple. It refers to the temple as Thiruvanantapuram.(7) </div>
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There are two inscriptions of Rajendra Chola I. One is a fragment, containing the beginning of Rajendra's prasasti. The second records a sale of land to the temple called Thiruvanandapuram, by the assembly of Jananatha-caturvedimangalam in Menmalai Taniyalnadu. It refers to the king as Parakesari Udaiyar Rajendra chola deva. The epigraph shows the flourishing condition of the Vishnu temple in the 11th century A.D. </div>
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Another point of interest is the name Jananatha-caturvedi mangalam. Jananatha is the title of Rajaraja I. It is evident that a part of Thiruttani was renamed Jananatha-caturvedimangalam by Rajaraja I and shows royal chola interest in the village.(8) An inscription of Rajadhiraja I, giving the introductory part is also found. </div>
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An interesting epigraph in Telugu script but in sanskrit language, refers to the building (rather rebuilding) of the temple by certain Narayanaraja, said to be fourth in discent from Karikala Chola.(9) Ramaraja Chinna Timmayyadeva Maharaya gifted the village Thiruttani in 1550 A.D. in the reign of Sadasivaraya,.(10) Another inscription of Sadasivaraya giving only his pedigree is also found. </div>
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<i>Thiruttani </i></div>
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Thiruttani came into prominence in the reign of Aparajita Pallava in late 9th century A.D. with the ruler himself evincing personal devotion to Lord Subrahmanya, and also the newly built Virattana Siva temple. The nearby Melirunceru (now called Velanjeri) was a great Brahmin settlement, Mahagrahara wherein lived several vedic families. Parantaka chola contributed considerably by his gift to the villagers of Melirunceru and endowments to the various temples of Thiruttani. We have seen that in the reign of Rajaraja I, the greatest of the chola emperors , the village assumed greater significance. A part of Thiruttani was renamed after one of Rajaraja's title. The later Pandyas have not contributed anything to the village, but soon in the reign of Vijayanagar ruler, Krishnadevaraya the village assumed significance and pre-eminence. The greatest poet of 17th century A.D., Kacciyappa Sivacharya, was born here and has a lovely poem on Thiuttani. In 20th century one of India's greatest thinkers Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan was born in Melirunceru. (modern Velanjeri) The Subrahmanya temple on top of the hill attracts the largest number of pilgrims in Tondaimandalam region, and is one of the most flourishing temple. For the art connoisseurs, the Virrattana temple is still an important land mark. </div>
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1. ARE 433 and 435 OF 1905 2. ARE 432 of 1905 3. ARE 430 of 1905 4. ARE 438 of 1904 5. ARE 439 of 1905 6. ARE 432 of 1905 7. ARE 449 of 1905 8. ARE 445 of 1905 9. ARE 447 to 1905 10. ARE 443 of 1905 </div>
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Sanskrit Portion </div>
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Svasti-Sri. </div>
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Let Janardana, who is ever united with Sri, wields resplendent conch and discus, wears a coral garland, dark in colour like the one which came forth when the gods and demons churned the ocean, and who entered another ocean, protect us. </div>
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Let Siva who bore the tremendous sound arising from the stream of water, and the breeze emanating from the foremost lotus flowers and setting out, spreads the divine waters from the forest of matted locks, protect us. </div>
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Brahma was born of the naval of Madhava. From Brahma came Angiras and from Angiras was born Vagisa (Brahaspati). Samyu came from Brahaspati and from him Saumya (Bharadvaja) Bharadvaja's son was Drona, the very abode of unequalled tapas. Asvathama became the son of Drona and from him came Pallava, adored by all rulers. </div>
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From Pallava, a true consort of kingship, Devaraja in prosperity, a ruler of exalted glory, came this ruling clan into the world. </div>
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Let this Pallava family of unending noble qualities, the mighty and the one that has obtained supremacy, a luminary among the good kingly group, the foremost; and the one that remaining high, keeps all the other kings far below just as the sky remaining high keeps the lofty peaks below, protect this world till the very end of the Yuga. </div>
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Kampavarma of splendid glory was born in this family, after monarchs like Asokavarma and others attained heaven, having ruled the whole earth justly. </div>
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He conquered the mighty Pallava Nrpatunga in battle, and forcibly seized his country that has the ocean as its girdle, along with glory. </div>
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Just like Uma to Rudra and Rama to Vishnu, Vijaya of matchless virtues, and born of the pure and Ganga family, became the queen of Kampavarma as if competing with his conquests and wealth. </div>
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Just as Guha was born of Lord Paramesvara, the destroyer of enemies'cities and lover of the Bull, Aparajita, a possessor of varied wealth and beauty, was born as her first child. </div>
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Even as a boy, Aparajita destroyed the elephants of the Bana ruler in no time, inflicting wounds with the ankusa. He razed to the ground Karanai encircled by turrets, the city of the Pandya ruler, who was a dauhitra (the grandson through a daughter, probably of the Bana) and conquered the Chola king at the great battle of Chirrarrur with the help of elephants. </div>
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Though glory of Aparajita, who made the fame of earth appropriate and who equalled the valour of Rama in battles, turned the world into white colour (by his victories), it darneked the fame of his enemy. </div>
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His opponents, driven out of their territories, enter, as if entering their own palace, the forests which are the most eminently suited abodes for them. The forests are filled to the very end with leaves and birds, full of Sala trees and abounding in wolves and hyenas, with varieties of descending shoots, and looking as if anointed with the canopy of bounteous openings. </div>
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(The verse uses words with double meaning. The description of the forest resembles the description of the beautiful mansion full of salas, turrets, different wings, varied staircases and beautiful with canopies and trellis work.) </div>
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The wealth and pleasure that flowed into him from various quarters, the uninterupted prosperity, the splendid glory he attained, and the firm convictions he acquired, together with his opponent rulers served him as his attendents. </div>
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Protecting the whole world with his Indra-like rule, and capturing the sovereignity of his opponent rulers, he resembled Upendra. He is really the Purushottama. </div>
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His lotus feet were spreading fragrance by the varied, fully blown and sweet smelling flowers, offered continuously with presents of treasure, poured by the kings who were constantly bowing down before him. </div>
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He was resplendent sun to the sky of the Kalabhra Kula. </div>
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Like the terrible wind that uproots all earthly things, with its own might, he upprooted by his own valour all the other royal families. </div>
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In his conduct he surpassed the greatness of Yadu, Raghu, Sagara, Nrga, Nimi, Kuru, Bharata Mala, Nala, Nahusha, Janaka, Sibi, Kusaka, Dasaratha, Prithu and Prithula. </div>
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Like Rama, who destroyed the demon Khara and Dhushana in Janasthana, he destroyed the burden of tax and hardship of his country (Janasthana). </div>
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He Aparajita Pottavarma, the king among kings, the supreme Lord, and Deva, during his ninth auspicious regnal year, made a gift of the village Pudur in the sub-division of Taniyal rashtra, falling under Kunravartana Kotta; </div>
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After demacrating the boundaries by means of carrying a flag and marching the elephant around; </div>
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And registering all the boundaries and bestowing all exemptions, changing the old cultivators, and exempting various royal taxes on gold, trees and fields. </div>
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Aparajita ordered that one thousand Kadi of paddy be measured annually to Lord Mahesvara's son, Shanmukha, who is pleasted to stand for ever, on the hill, of the great agrahara, Srimat Taniyal mentioned above </div>
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That the said village be combined with the great agrahara known to the world as Melirunceru falling with the sub-division Antah Kotta (naduvil kottam) gifted to the residents of that agrahara, who are foremost among the learned people and scholars eminent in the Vedas and Vedangas. </div>
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The gift was made by the king with intense devotion by pouring water from golden vessel with his own hand. </div>
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<i>Tamil Portion </i></div>
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Year 3 and day 2103 rd </div>
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The royal order. We order at the request of Vamanayya, that the village Pudur in Thiruttaniyal Nadu be added to the village Melirunceru and gifted to the sabha of Melirunceru. Brahmadhiraja is the executor. The village should measure one thousand Kadi of paddy as pancavara till the sun and the moon endure to Lord Subramanya, who is pleased to stand on Thiruthani, in the territorial division Menmalai Thaniyal, in the sub-division of Kunravardhana Kottam. The previous holders of the village are now changed. </div>
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The Nattars should demarcate the boundaries by planting stones and Kalli plants after going round the boundaries with pataka and issue the araiyolai (donative charter). </div>
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On receipt of this order, the Nattars, adoring the order and bearing it on their head, fixed the boundaries by setting up stones and planting Kalli and issuing the grant. </div>
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The boundaries of land thus gifted are; </div>
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The eastern boundary is to the west of the boundary of Melirunceru. </div>
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The southern boundary is to the north of the boundary of Thiruttani. </div>
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The western boundary is to the east of the boundaries of Thiruttaniyal, Oviyur, and Iruganur. </div>
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And the northern boundary is to the south of the boundaries of Ponpatinadu and Melirunceru. </div>
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The land situated within these four boundaries inclusive of water land, dty lands, the village settlement, the village assembly area, the grazing ground, the groves, the tanks, wells, terris, and the like gifted as Devadana Brahmadeya to the village assembly of Melirunjeru. </div>
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The exemptions granted to this gift are:- </div>
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Tax on Paddy Udupokku Tax on gold Pida Nali Urkalanju Taraku Urpankadi Tari Nalla Ilapputchi Nallerudu Idaiputchi and Nadatchi Tattukkay </div>
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These and other taxes which are due to the king should not be levied from the village.</div>
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Permission is granted to construct storeyed buildings with burnt bricks in this village. </div>
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Permission is granted for rearing coconut groves. </div>
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Flower gardens with Iruveli and Damanaka or any other flower can be grown. </div>
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The village could raise embankments to the lake and utilise the water For irrigation. </div>
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The village is permitted to dig irrigation canal from the river and use its water. </div>
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Inhabitants of other villages are prohibited from using the water from this village. They are also not permitted to irrigate with baskets or picotah. </div>
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The assembly members of Melirunceru village, who are learned and pious Brahmins will add this village, Pudur to their own, with the tax exemptions specified above and measure one thousand Kadi of Paddy as Pancavara annually, to Lord Subrahmanya on the hill of Thiruttani and enjoy the rest of the produce. </div>
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<i>Sanskrit Portion </i></div>
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The Brahmin Vamana, who has studied the three Vedas, owner of prosperity, donor, compassionate, learned in all sciences, and dear to the ruler, was the requester (Vijnapti.) </div>
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Brahmadhiraja, who was crowned with a tiara, by this King confering chieftainship over Brahmins, and one of devoted prosperity, learned in Vedas and Sastras, and intelligent was the executor (Ajnapti) of this grant. </div>
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Sri Kumara, the foremost among the learned, was born of Kesava, the Brahmin of the Kasyapa family, like Subrahmanya was born of Siva. </div>
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He set aside the eloquence of his rivals and was the composer of Mahakavyas. Mahadeva, his son was the composer of this prasasti. </div>
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Vijayanna, the foremost among the Silpins, holding the fortune born out of grace of the king, who was born in the City of Kanchi, a connosseur of art, and the well known, inscribed this prasasti. </div>
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<i>Tamil Portion </i></div>
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Podini Mahadevabhatta, of Pravacana Sutra, and Kasyapagotra, who composed thisprasasti got one patti of wet land. </div>
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Vijayanna, who inscribed this prasasti got one patti of wet land. </div>
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Videlvidugu Perum-kannan (the metal smith) the son of Pattai Nagan, who embossed the seal got one share. </div>
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<i>The seal </i></div>
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The royal proclamation of Aparajita, the moon of the Pallava dynasty, declared over the row of heads of kings. </div>
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<i><br />
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<i> VELANJERI PLATES OF PARANTAKA TRANSLATION </i></div>
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Sanskrit Portion </div>
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1. Let the lotus feet of Murari, which are pleasing by the radiance caused by the red, water-bearing clouds; which are filled with garlands and caressed by the flowers on the head of ---, which are ever rose in colour by the lotus-like arm of Lakshmi, increase our prosperity and happiness. </div>
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2. Let the Rudras with their great bodies radiating like the golden coloured clouds; bearing on their left halves pleasing and big female breasts; letting out from the roots of their braided hairs, pure waves of clear water; wearing crescent like ear ornaments; their necks shining with darkness; their bracelets shining with snakes and their foreheads smiling with ashes, bestow prosperity on us. </div>
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3. Let this dynasty of Cholendras which planted its lotus feet on the crowns of all the kings, which proclaimed by their swords, the expansion of the foreheads of sovereigns of the entire universe encompassing the seven seas, protect all the world. </div>
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4. From the tender lotus, issuing from the naval of Murari, emanated Brahma. Though he was humiliated in a moment by the light that surpassed the soft braided hair, Marichi was born of him. </div>
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5. Kasyapa was born of Marichi and from him came Surya (avicharya marga) who adorns the entire world with his pure associates. </div>
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6. After many rulers having enjoyed the world attained godhead,was born in that famous family, the great Lord Usinara by name. </div>
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7. The king, the ornament of the family, who gave away immediately his own flesh when approached by Lord Agni in the guise of a vulture, and relieved the dove from torture and suffering, was born as Sibi. </div>
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8. In that family took place the birth of Karikala Cholendra whose orders made the slopes of Himalayas, the abode of Kubera (the Lord of riches); following whose orders the water-course of the river Kaveri, was controlled by the embankments on either side and whose orders made the city of Kanchi full of palacas reaching the clouds. </div>
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9. A spider made a very small, thin and beautiful prapa (protection) for Siva by a web of threads, issuing from its mouth. When Lord Hara was pleased at that, it was born as Kochengannan in that royal family. </div>
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10. Orriyura known for his marvellous valour was born. His son was a veritable fire to the forest of enemy kings. </div>
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11. Aditya equal in splendour to Kubera, was born of him. He shone as a moon to the lotus like faces of enemy queens. </div>
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12. Just as the moon emanated from the milky ocean, as the waters of Ganga from the Himalayas, as the heat energy from the sun and as the trikuta from the great Meru, so also Parantaka was born of him. </div>
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13. The opponent kings considered him as the very death; the wise-men thought of him as Brahaspati; the beloveds considered him as the chintamani; the subjects held him as their parent; the good people thought of him as the treasure-house and the damsels held him as the very Lord of Love. </div>
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14. This ruler performed Tulabhara with gold acquired by his valour, at the beautiful Sriramathirtha, where the ablest of monkey flocks built the bridge; at the Kanyatirtha which subdued the southern quarters; and at Srirangam beautiful by the arecca groves, where Sri Vishnu reclines on his serpent couch. </div>
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15. Brahmavanavadhiraja, an abode of learning, wealth and fame, was the Vijnapti of this royal order. </div>
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16. Sarvadeva of Kilinallur, born of Vasitti family, learned and an ornament of his family was the Ajnapti of this order. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
17. The honoured Ranasimha of astounding valour born of Srutarutaka family was the Ajnapti of this order. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
Prose portion </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
That Parantaka whose lotus feet are adorned by all the rulers, gifted with faith and devotion, the three villages Talaivedu, Mayangaru and Kilagal in their entirety with three thousand Kadi of paddy and nine niskas (as tax) by pouring water from a golden pitcher to the Brahmins of Melirunceru village, who were great scholars in Vedas and Vedangas, including Samaveda with the three thousand sakhas. </div>
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The boundaries for the villages are:- </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The eastern boundary lies to the west of the villages Pundi, Nenmali and Arungala. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The southern boundary lies to the north of Melirunjeru. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The western boundary lies to the east of Parpakka, Nedungunru, Mudippali and Mathura. </div>
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The northern boundary lies to the south of Ulaiyur and Nallarur. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The area situated within these four boundaries were gifted by the King Parantaka as mentioned earlier, to the Brahmin residents of Melirunceru as described earlier. </div>
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Tamil Portion </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
Twenty fifth regnal year /- 193rd day /- Konerinmai Kondan /- </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The Nattar of Ilattur and the Nattar of Tiruttani in the subdivision of Naduvin-malai, belonging to the territorial division Kunravardhana Kottam will supervise and see that the three villages Kilagal, Mayangaru and Talaivedu, in their territorial division are united into one with the village Melirunceru and measure three thousand kadi of paddy as panca-vara, and nine kalanju of gold, annually, after changing the previous holders, till the sun and moon last. The grant was made at the request of Brahmavanvadhirajan. Two officials Sarvadeva of Kilinallur and Ranasimha were the executors. We order this gift as kani to the village assembly of Melirunceru. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The Nattar should demacrate the boundaries of Talaivedu, Mayangaru and Kilagal in their territory after going around with a flag (Patakai) and planting boundary stones and kalli plants and issue araiy-olai (donative charter). </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
On receipt of this order, the Nattar, paying obeissance to the order, and bearing it on their head, went round the boundaries, planted boundary stones and kalli plants and issued the charter. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The following are the boundaries of the land thus gifted. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
To the west of the three villages Pundi, Nenmali and Arungalam which formed the eastern boundary. To the north of Melirunceru which formed the southern boundary. To the west of the four villages Parpakkam, Nedunguram, Mudipali and Mathira, which formed the eastern boundary. To the south of the two villages Ulaiyur and Nallaru which formed the Northern boundary. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The land situated within this four great boundaries inclusive of water, wetlands, drylands, village settlement, village meeting area, grazing ground, pits, wells, groves, canals, ant hills and mounds - in short the high and low lands, was gifted to the village sabha of Melirunceru as a Brahmadeya. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The exemptions granted to this gift are as follows:- </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
Tax on Paddy Udupokku Tax on gold Pidhanali Urkalanju Taraku Urpankadi Tari Nalla Ilapputchi Nallerudu Idaiputchi Nadatci Tattukkayam </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
these and other taxes to be paid to the king should not be levied from these villages. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
Permission is granted for erecting storied buildings with burnt bricks. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
Permission is granted for rearing coconut groves. </div>
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Permission is granted to cultivate all flowers including Iruveli and Damanaka. </div>
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Permission is granted to raise embankments and utilyse water from Lake. </div>
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Permission is granted to dig canal for irrigation from the river along the flow of water. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
Outsiders are prohibited from digging sub-canals either from this or the main canal; they are also not permitted to irrigate with baskets or picotah. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
With the above specified exemptions, the gift was made to the members of the village assembly of Melirunceru who are pious and noble Brahmins. The three villages were added to Melirunceru. They are directed to pay three thousand Kadi of paddy and nine Kalanju of gold annually and enjoy the rest of the produce. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
This is a paradatta. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
Sanskrit Portion </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
1. Damaged:- the readable part says:- This charter was composed by Rutsa by name. </div>
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2. Partially damaged:- King Virachola, with humility and devotion requests the succeeding rulers to protect his dharma. </div>
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3. Virachola, the great taksha and deeply learned in the science of Visvakarma, engraved the letters on this charter. </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The seal </div>
<div class="text" style="text-align: justify;">
The royal order of the Chola ruler Parakesarivarman, the crest jewel of the Chola race, and majestic as the lustre of the moon. </div>
</div>
</div>
Ilamuruganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16311706194380527105noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3838316470284029548.post-71456706636577200872010-01-19T06:34:00.000-08:002010-01-19T06:34:37.308-08:00A Local Cess in Chola Times<h1 style="color: #351c75; text-align: justify;"><center><div class="head1"><span>A Local Cess in Chola Times</span></div></center></h1><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> A 10th Century Record, referring to the levy of the local cess, for the betterment of the village of Thiruverumbur, near Trichy, is of interest to the students of rural economy in ancient times. The record is dated in the 7th year of the Chola ruler Rajakesari (Rajaraja I). The data furnished by the record corresponds to Saturday, in the month of Avani, 12th August, 993 CE. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> Thiruverumbur had a Brahmin colony called Srikanta Caturvedi Mangalam. The local assembly of this village met at the Brahmasthana, the central part of the village during the day time on that day, deliberated and passed certain resolutions, which are the purport of the record. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span>A certain Sembiyan vedivalan, who constructed the stone temple of Siva on the hill, came forward with a sum of forty five Kalanju of gold, to deepen the village tank. The village assembly agreed to sell the local levy - called Kilnadai, in lieu of the amount. The local cess consisted of one Kuruni of paddy (eight measures) per each crop, per maa of land from among the cultivated lands of the village and its dependent hamlets. The village assembly agreed to collect the levy from the cultivating tenents. The epigraph records in detail the resolutions of the assembly in this record. The following is the text of the resolutions and deed. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span>We the members of the village assembly agree hereby to sell the Kilnadi levy of one Kuruni of paddy per crop per maa of land to Sembiyan Vedivalan, for depening our village tank, in lieu of the amount forty five Kalanju of gold offered by him. The tank should be deepened annually so long as the sun and moon last. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> The gold so given is tested for purity in standard by the village Standard touch-stone. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span>We hereby record that we have received this day the full sale price from the above Velar at the 'village Sales-Registration office'. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> This record is the written agreement for the above sale. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> This record itself is the final sale deed and also the receipt for the payment received in full, inclusive of all expenses. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> We agree not to demand any further amount towards any charges. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> We agree to levy this cess from the cultivating tenants and promise not to demand more than what has been stipulated here. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> We agree not to utilise this amount for any purpose other than deepening this tank. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span>We agree to impose a total social boycot on any amongst us, who orders in the assembly, the diversion of this amount for any other purpose. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span>The Mahesvaras of the temple, will levy a fine of twenty five Kalanju of gold each, from the one who orders in the assembly, further levy for the same purpose or the diversion of this fund for any other purpose. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> The fine will be imposed on all the members of the assembly,who without opposing, pass such a resolution either to increase the levy or divert the funds. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> The village accountant, who makes such an illegal demand, is also liable for fine. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> Even after the collection of such fines, this amount should be utilised annually only for deepening the tank . </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> We agree to have these resolutions engraved on the stone wall of the temple. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> Thus we, the members of this village assembly have sold the local cess for the purpose of deepening our village tank, having received the full amount and having issued the sale deed in full settlement of the sale to Sembiyan Vedi Velar. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> These are the signatures of the members of the village assembly. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> This deed was drafted by Tarunendu sekhara, the madhyastha of the village, under the orders of Sridhara, (obviously)a representative official of the assembly." </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span>A few points of interest in this record deserve mention. The village assemblies were empowered to levy local cess, in Chola times. Such cess were also saleable, subject to the condition, they were utilised for the betterment of the village itself. Once sold the levy should not be increased under any circumstance. The amount ear-marked for one purpose should not be diverted for any other purpose. Anyone who violates this agreement is punishable with a heavy fine. Even after the collection of the fine, the amount should be utilised only for the specific purpose for which it was collected. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> Each village in Chola time had "Sales-Registration Office "called Avanak-kalari in inscription; where accurate ownership records were maintained. Sale deeds were accurately drafted in Chola times keeping all legal demands in view. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span>The village assemblies had full freedom to pass such resolutions as required, and once passed it was incumbant on the successors to faithfully carry out the resolution and honour the commitments. Hundreds of such records found inscribed on stone walls, show the vitality of the Tamil society of the Chola age. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> This is a fine example of one thousand year old record of a village assembly resolution and deed. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span>The most important point is the attention paid to the annual maintenance of the village tanks. Noblemen came forward make endowment for the purpose and the village assemblies took the responsibility for the regular maintenance, failing which the members of the assembly were liable for fine and punishment. Not only those who were members at the time of the endowment but all those who got subsequently elected to the membership were also held responsible in perpetuity. </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> </span></div><div class="text" style="text-align: justify;"><span> Hundreds of such records for deepening village tanks are available. Had our village assemblies retained their individuality independence and the democratic set up after the fall of the Chola Empire in the 13th century, the story of Tamilnad, would have been different. With the advent of the Vijayanagar empire, the village assemblies lost their democratic set up, due to various factors. The sense of responsibility and participation dwindled and with it deterioration set in, to be revived with flickering hopes in recent times. </span></div>Ilamuruganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16311706194380527105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3838316470284029548.post-48551305573479210522010-01-19T04:10:00.001-08:002010-01-19T04:10:59.535-08:00The great Significance of Kodungallur of Kerala : Part - 3<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The great Significance of Kodungallur of Kerala in the history of Kerala & Tamil Nadu : Part - 3</span></span></span></span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> </span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(21) The great Tamil Vaishnava Saint Kulasekara Aalvaar of Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Towards the beginning of the nineth century A.D. the ruling Chera king of Kudamalainadu, had a son named <span style="color: indigo;"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kulasekaran </span></span> born at Vanjikkalam (Kodungallur in Kudamalainadu) in the month of March under Punarpoosm star. He was also known by the name <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Senghol Poraiyan</span></span> as seen in Tamil Saiva work '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Periya puranam</span>'. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Kulasekaran {A.D.801-820} succeeded his father on the Chera throne and ruled the region of <span style="color: darkred;"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kudamalainadu</span></span> in east Kerala, with his capital at <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kodungallur</span></span>, the traditional capital of the kings of the Chera dynasty. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> At a subsequent period he gained control over whole of Kerala. He has claimed for himself the titles “<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kolik-kon</span>”, “<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kudal-nayagan</span>”, “<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kongar Kon</span>” confirming his authority over Koliyur (the Uraiyur of the <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Chola country</span></span>), and Kudal (the Madurai of the <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Pandiya country</span></span>), and also over the <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kongu country</span></span>. It was probably during this period the <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Uthahai</span></span> of the Kongu country became the second capital of the Kulasekara dynasty with a member of the Kulasekara family appointed to rule over this region. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> This could be referred as the second Chera Empire in the annals of Chera history, though it was not as large as the first Chera empire during the period of <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cheran Chenguttuvan</span></span> during the second century. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Kulasekaran became an ardent devotee of - <span style="color: indigo;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sri Rama</span>"</span> (regarded as an <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">incarnation of "God Vishnu</span>"</span>), and hence the Vaishnavites of this period referred to him as <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kulasekara Perumal</span></span> in reverence. He made pilgrimages to <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thiruvarangam</span></span> (Sri Rangam) in Cholanadu, and <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thiruvenkatam</span></span> (Thiruppathi) in Thondainadu - among others, and has composed a set of hyms - in Tamil in praise of God Vishnu named as '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Perumal Thirumoli</span>', and in Sanskrit named as '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Muhunda Mala</span>'. He abdicated the Chera throne and went to forest to lead a holy life in deep meditation, and was venerated as one of the twelve great Tamil Vaishnava Saints known as the<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kulasekara Aalvaar</span></span>. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Kulasekara Aalvaar built a Vaishnava temple at Vanji Nagar (Kodungallur), and named the region of this temple shrine as <span style="color: darkred;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thirukulasekarapuram</span>"</span>. There are some oral traditions that it was at the Thirukulasekarapuram temple, the Chera kings were crowned as kings. Also the Sanskrit work of Kulasekara Aalvaar titled 'Muhunthamaala' was sung on Lord Krishna the deity in this temple. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Note:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> In the Mahadevar (Siva) temple at <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thiruvanjikkulam</span></span> in Kodungallur, there is a "<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Samadhi</span>" of this great Chera Emperor cum Vainava Saint - seen even today. These monuments probably underwent many renovations and modifications over the subsequent periods. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".....Pon puraiyum vet Kulasekarane Maasi Punarpusaththu elil Vanjikkalatthu thonri anbudane nam Perumaal sempot koyil anaiththu ulakin peruvaalvum, adiyaar thaangal inbamuru perung kuluvam kaana manmel irul ariya ventreduththa visaiyit sonna nanporul ser Thirumoli nootrinethu paattum nantraaka enakkarul sei naki neeye......." </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Prapantha Saaram - by Vethantha Guru (Desikan), 8th Pasuram</span></span> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"> <a href="http://www.sundarasimham.org/ebooks/PrabhandaSaaram.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.sundarasimham.org/ebooks/PrabhandaSaaram.pdf</a> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">"......Cherar kula ko veetrirunthu murai puriyum kulakko moothur Kodungallur......." </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuraanam - Kalatraivaar puraanam, verse one</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…..the Chera king Kulasekaran of the Villavar (people of Chera Nadu) had destroyed the valour of the enemies with his mace……”. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuraanam - Kalatraivaar puraanam</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “….. maatralarai veeram keduththa sengol Kolli kavalan, Villavar Cheran Kulasekaran mudiventhar sihamaniye….” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Perumal Thirumoli thaniyankal – by Manakkaal Nambi</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…….ponnanj silai ser nuthaliyar verl Cheralar kon Kulasekaran….” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Perumal Thirumoli thaniyankal – by Udaiyavar</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “……..Kolli nakar kon Kulasekaran…………………………… </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> nanjinum kodunththolil nadaththum theeyarai anjura adakki </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> nal arathinutru ulloar vinjura thanich sengol vilanga oachidum </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vanjiar venthanaam mannar mannane</span>…….” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Kuruparamparai Puraanam – by Vijayaragavan - chapter on birth of Kulasekara Aalvaar</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “……..Kudalarkon kodai Kulasekaran……” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…….Kolli kaavalan, Koodal naayagan, Kolikkoan, Kulasekaran…..” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…….Kongar kon Kulasekaran </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “……..koor vel Kulasekaran…….” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…….kottra vel thaanai Kulasekran……” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…….Kolli nakark irai Koodal Komaan…..: </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…….Kolli Kavalan kaavalan Maaladhi mudimel kolamaam Kulasekaran…..” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…….kol navilum vel valavan kudaik Kulasekaran…..” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…….kooraantha velvalavan Koliyar koan kudai Kulasekaran…….” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…….Koliyar koan kudai Kulasekaran…….” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Perumal Thirumoli - by Kulasekara Perumal - verses 1 to 10</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> "......seerin malintha thirunagara athanit <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sengot Poraiyan</span> ennum kaarin malintha kodai nilalmet kavikkum kottra kudai nilal keelth thaarin malintha puyaththu <span style="text-decoration: underline;">arasan tharani neeththu thavam saarnththaan</span>........" </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periya Puranam (Thiruthondar Puranam) - by Seikeelaar, Kalatraivaar puraanam, verse 10</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> "........respected freinds, </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">in 2006 i had an opurtunity to go to thiru-anjai-kalam (thiuvanchikulam). i saw the sundaramoorthy nayanar samadhi inside the mahadevan temple. the temple had been modelled on chidambaram. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">the place has also a samadhi for kulasekhara </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> alwar</span> the historic kodunkoloor bagawathi amman is considered by the locals as kannagi dheivam........" </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">PSVP Webpage of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Mr Gandhiram</span> on his personal visit to Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ponniyinselvan/message/32395" target="_blank">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ponniyinselvan/message/32395</a> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">KCHR Webpage Map on Kodungallur and on the location of Kulasekarapuram Krishnan Koyil</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <a href="http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/muziris_final.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/muziris_final.pdf</a> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".......From Kodungallur 3 km down south-east was the Vainava sacred shrine Thirukulasekarapuram. It was the one time capital city of Athikulasekarar who ruled Kerala. Closer to same was the palace of the king of Kodungallur. The (Chera) kings had their crowning ceremony in this temple. It is said that it was the temple built by Kulasekara king, and Kulasekara Aalvaar sung the 'Muhunthamaala' on it's presiding deity........" </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Kerala Vijayam - by Paranitharan, Part - 1, page 181</span></span> </span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(22) The great Tamil Saiva Saint Cheramaan Perumaal Naayanaar of Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The Chera king Kulasekaran had a son by the name Rajasekaran. He unlike his father was an ardent devotee of God Siva. He spent most of his time in religious activities and meditation with much devotion, at the Siva Temple at <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thiruvanjaikkalam</span></span> in Kodungallur. It was during this period king Kulasekaran abdicated the throne, and went to forest to spend rest his life in deep religious life and meditation. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Chera ministers with the unexpected move of the king Kulasekaran, after some days of discussion decided to make his son Rajasekaran as the successor. They then met him at the Thiruvanjikkulam temple where he spent his life in full religious devotion, and requested him to take over as the next king of Chera country as his succession came to him legitmately. Rajasekaran hesitated and later accepted, under the condition that his religious devotion and activities be allowed to continue over his responsibilities as a king. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> With the acendence of <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajasekaran on throne {A.D.820-844}</span></span> he was known by his royal name as Cheraman Perumal and inherited the the large empire encompassing the Chera Nadu, Chola Nadu, Pandiya and Kongu Nadu. He more fittingly bore also the title as <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Peru-Ma-Kothaiyaar</span></span> (the great chief Chera king), as the other regions of Kerala were possibly ruled by members of the Kothai dynasty but were under <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajasekaran</span></span>, and the Kodungallur the capital city of Cheras was re-named after him as Makothai (also know as Mahothaiyapuram). </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> He ruled the country in peace less of any wars, and appears to have developed new friendly ties with the Chola and Pandiya kings who were under the control Cheras, and became more liberal towards them. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> It was during this time one of the <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">great Tamil Saiva Saint of Tamil Nadu - the Suntharamurththi Naayanaar</span></span> made a pilgrimage to the <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thiruvaarur Siva Temple</span></span> in Chola country. The Chera king <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cheramaan Perumaal</span></span> with utmost desire to meet this great Tamil Saiva Saint, also went to Thiruvaarur at this same time. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Here with the blessings of <span style="color: indigo;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">God Siva</span>"</span> of Thiruvarur the Chera king composed hyms in Tamil in his praise known as '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Mummanikkovai</span>'. From there he went along with the Tamil Saint Suntharamurththi Naayanaar to the Siva shrine at <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vethaaranniyam</span></span> in the Chola country and other Siva Shrines all over the Pandiya country. He composed further hyms in Tamil in praise of God Siva known as '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ponvanna Anththaathi</span>' and '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thirukkailaya Gnana Ulla</span>', and came to be known and venerated as the <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cheramaan Perumaal Naayanaar</span></span>. All the above hyms composed by him have been included in the eleventh '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thirumurai</span>' (Thirumurais are a collection of the sacred hyms in Tamil, sung on <span style="color: indigo;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">God Siva</span>"</span> by various Tamil Saiva Saints of Tamil Nadu and few from the Kerala). </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Finally at the eager request of the Cheramaan Perumaal Naayanaar the Tamil Saiva Saint Sundaramurthi Nayanar opted to visit the palace of this Chera king at his capital city of Makothaiyapuram in the Chera country travelling through Kongunadu the present <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Uthakamandalam (Uthakai)</span></span> region of Tamil Nadu. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> While being here in A.D.844 the Saint Suntharamurththi Naayanaar died while on an elephant. Unable to bear the grief of the death of this great Saiva Saint, the Cheramaan Perumaal Naayanaar too met his death while on a horse soon thereafter in the same year. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Note:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The entire narration is given in the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">'Periyapuranam'</span> as above, but the relevent sections have not been given here as it is too voluminous to be given here. However interested Readers could refer the chapter on '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kalatrarivaar puranam</span>' and '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vellai yaanai charukkam</span>' in Periyapuranam. (in Tamil). </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> This story has been the theme of the Chola painting found even today on the inner walls of the first tier of the Karpagraham at the <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Thanjavur Rajarajaeswaram Siva Temple</span>”</span> (Birahatheeswara Temple – Periya Koyil) </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> These two personalities have been glorified as two among the 63 – Tamil Saiva Saints, whose statues could be found either in granite stine or in bronze in many Siva Temples in Tamil Nadu and elsewhere where thet have been installed. Even in <span style="color: darkred;">Karnataka state</span> there are Siva temples which has been built during Chola times and later, where the statues of the above personalities could be seen even today. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......thonmai Malainaattu paa veetrirunthu pal puhalaar payilum iyalpit palampathi thaan seveetrirunthaar Thiruvanjaikkalamum nilavi Cherar kulakk Ko veetrirunthu murai puriyum kulakko moothur Kodungallur......." </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuraanam - Kalatraivaar puraanam, verse - 1</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".....thada mathil sool sootham ahula sarala nirai thuthaiyum cholai valanagar thaan Kothai arasar Makothai ena kulavum peyarum udaiththu ulakil......" </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuraanam - Kalatraivaar puraanam, verse - 4</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> ".......aranm kol Saiva thiram thalaippa </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> thiruhu sinaveng kaliyaanai Cherar kulamum ulakum sei </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> peru thavaththaal Aran arulaal piranthaar Perumaakkothaiyaar......" </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuraanam - Kalatraivaar puraanam, verse - 5</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> ".......manmel Saiva neri vaala valarnthu munnai vali anbaat </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> kanmel vilangu netriyinaar kalale penum karuththinaraai </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> unmeviya anbinaraahi urimai arasar tholil puriyaar </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> thenner mudiyaar Thiruvanjaikalaththil thiruth thonde purivaar....." </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuraanam - Kalatraivaar puraanam, verse - 7</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…..thingal mudiyaar thiruvarulai paravi Cheramaan Perumal engu ulla adiyaarkku eatra poosai seitharuli…..” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, Kalatrarivaar puraanam, verse 128</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> ".....thaandum puravi Cherar kula Perumal thamakku thiru amuthu uundu......." </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, Kalatrarivaar puraanam, verse 72</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(23) Change of name from Kodungallur to Makothai</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> From the Periya Puraanam we note that Cheramaan Perumaal bore the name as Perumakothaiyaar (Peru-makothai-yar) during his early part of his life and ruled from Kodungallur. It could be quite possible that it was during his time the Kodungallur was given the new name as <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Makothai</span></span> also known as <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Makothaiyapuram</span></span> after king Rajasekaran alias <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Peru-makothai-yaar</span>.</span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The reference to Kodungallur by its new name <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">“Makothai” appears for the first time in the Thevaarap pathikam of the Tamil Saiva Saint the Suntharamoorthy Naayanaar</span></span>. In his pathikam he has indicated that Mahothai was adjacent to the sea, and it was here that the sacred shrine of God Siva namely the Thiruvanjaikkalam stood. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The Kodungkolur being subsequently known as Mahothai is further confirmed, as Tamil Saiva Saint Thirunaavukkarasar states that Anjaikkalam of Kodungallur and the Tamil Saiva Saint Suntharamoorthy Naayanaar and Sage/ Poet Seikeelaar states that Anjaikkalam of Mahothai. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">During the period of Perumakothaiyaar - the Kerala (Chera) king who subsequently became a Saiva Saint known as Cheraman Perumal Naayanaar, and counted as one of the 63 - Tamil Saiva Saints of the then Tamil Nadu encompassing the Chera, Chola and Pandiya kingdoms. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"...Serar kulam ulakum sei peruhu thavaththaal aran arulaal piranthar Perumakothaiyar....". </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, chaper 37, verse 5</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “……………………………………………thonmai Malainaattu </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> paa veetriruntha palpuhalaarpayilum iyalpit palam pathi than </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> se veetrirunthaar Thiruvanjaikkalamum nilavi Cherar kulak ko </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> veetrirunthu muraipuriyum kulak ko moothur Kodungkolur….” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, chapter 37, verse 1 </span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> "....valanagar thaan Kothai arasar Mahodai ena kulavu peyarum udaiththu ulahil..." </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, chapter 37, verse 4</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “……Kodungkolur Anjaikkalam…..” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">6th thirumurai by Thirunaavkkarasar pathikam 70 verse 5</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> "......noakkum nithiyam pala eththanaiyum </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> kalaththit puha peithu kondu eru nunthi </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> aarkkum kadalang karai mel Mahothai </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> aniyaar polil Anjaikkalaththu appane.." </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">7th thirumurai by Suderar pathikam 84 verse 7</span> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> “…..Makothaiyil Thiruvanjaikkalam kaanilang kola valamkondu </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> mevinar kadi mathil thiruvaayil……” </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, section 13, verse 32</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(24) Period of Ravivarma Kulasekaran at Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The Chera king Rajasekara alias Cheraman Perumal Nayanar was followed by his son the king Ravi Varma Kulasekaran alias Sthanu Ravi (alias Ko-Kandan) {A.D.844 - 885} on the Chera throne at Mahodayapuram. Sthanu Ravi too was a Saivite like his father. He had a daughter by the name Kilaanadigal who married king Vijayaragavadeva from another Chera royal family ruling a part of Kerala. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(25) Period of Ramavarma Kulasekaran at Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Towards the middle of Athiththa Chola’s rule the Chera king Sthanu Ravi died and was followed by Rama Varma Kulasekara {A.D.885-917} on the Chera throne. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(26) Period of Kothai Ravi Varma at Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Towards this time with the demise of the Chera king Rama Varma, the king Kothai Ravi Varma {A.D.917-947} succeeded on the Chera throne at Mahodayapuram the capital of Kudamalainadu in Kerala country. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(27) Period of Indu Kothai Varma at Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">After thirty years of rule of Kothai Ravi Varma, was followed by Indukotha Varma {A.D. 944-962} on the Chera throne at Mahodayapuram. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(28) Period of Bhaskara Ravi Varma at Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During this period the Chera king Indukotha Varma was succeeded by <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Bhaskara Ravi Varma - 1 {A.D.962-1019}</span></span> at Mahodayapuram. Years later <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Baskara Ravi Varma - 2 {A.D.979-1014}</span></span> appears to have assisted Bhaskara Ravi Varma - 1 in ruling his vast Chera empire which stretched from the present <span><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Calicut</span></span> to the <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Tiruvananthapuram</span></span> region encompassing the <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kudamalainadu, Kongunadu</span></span> and <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Venad</span></span>, as his co-regent from Uthahai in the Kongu region. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The king Rajaraja -1 of the Chola country turned his attention on his conquest of Kudamalainadu of Chera country, and the Kongu region of the present Tamilnadu which was under the control of the Chera king. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">He sent his forces to conquer these regions, which moved into the Kudamalainadu - the north and central regions of Kerala state and defeated Baskara Ravivarman Thiruvadi (Baskara Ravi Varaman – 1) the ruling king of the Kulasekara dynasty, and captured his capital the Makothaiyapuram (Kodungolur). It appears Baskara Ravi Varman -1 too accepted the Chola suzerainty and continued to rule from Makothaiyapuram in the Kerala country paying tributes. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Rajaraja Chola – 1 died in the year A.D.1014 and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola – 1 on the chola throne after being a co-regent with Rajaraja Chola from A.D1012. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During the period of Rajendra Chola – 1, in the year A.D.1019 with the agitation for freedom by the king Baskara Ravi Varman - 1 of Kerala, he sent a war expedition under the leadership of his second son <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Manukulakesari</span></span> to <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kudamalainadu</span></span> in the Chera country who defeated the Chera King Baskara Ravi Varma – 1 captured his capital Mahothai and secured his crown, diadem and an island called <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Santhimathivu</span></span> belonging to the Kerala king beyond Kerala in Arabic sea. In this war Baskara Ravi Varman - 1 met his death. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(29) Period of Chola rule under Chola Keralan at Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> With the secure of the Chera crown the <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajendra Chola – 1</span></span> assumed the new title as <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Mudikonda Cholan</span></span>. Rajendra Chola –1 gave the title <span style="color: indigo;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Chola Keralan</span>”</span> to his second son <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Manukulakesari</span></span> and appointed him as the chola viceroy to rule the captured Kudamalai Nadu of the Kerala country. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Rajendra Chola built a new imperial capital named as <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Gangaikondasolapuram</span></span> west of present Chidambaram and there he built his new royal palace and named it as <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">“Keralan Maligai”</span></span> commemorating his victory over Kerala kings. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(30) Period of Vira Keralan at Kodungallur</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> However with the necessaity of he having to lead a war expedition with eastern Chalukiya king, he was recalled back from Chera country in the year A.D.1021, while appointing the Chera king Veera Keralan{A.D1021-1028} son of Baskara Ravi Varman to rule his country on accepting the Chola suzerainty. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> With the death of Rajendra Chola – 1 in A.D.1044 his eldest son the <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajadhiraja Chola – 1 {A.D.1018-1054}</span></span> who had been a co-regent of Rajendra Chola since A.D.1018 succeeded on the Chola throne. When he ascended the throne among the countries that were still under the Chola control, was the Mahodayapuram of the Kerala country. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During this period the Chera king of the Kulasekara dynasty at Mahodai were agitating to get their freedom. Rajadhiraja – 1 to contain these agitations sent forces which first proceeded to Mahodayapuram and defeated the Chera king Veera Keralan in A.D.1028, who was put to death by his elephant named <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Atthivaranam</span></span>. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> He appointed <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajasimhan {1028-1043}</span></span> the son of Vira Kerala as the Chera King on he having accepted the Chola suzerainty, who continued to rule from Mahodai paying tributes to Cholas, and had friendly relations with them for some time. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> "......vaar alaviya kalal Virakeralanai munaivayit pidiththu than aanaikku iduviththu Aththivaaranana kalittraal uthaippiththuaruli....." </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">"......midal elu Villavan kudarmadi kndu than naadu vittu oadi kaadu pukku olppa Vanji am puthumalar malainthu aangu enjalil velaikelu Kanthalur Saalai kalam aruppiththu....." </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(31)Period of Bhaskara Ravi – 3 {A.D.1043-1082}</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Rajasimha was followed by <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Bhaskara Ravi – 3 {A.D.1043-1082}</span></span>on the Chera throne. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> In the year A.D.1054 Rajadiraja Chola –1 died in the battle field at Koppam. Immediately his younger brother <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajendra Chola – 2{A.D.1051-1063}</span></span> who was the co-regent with Rajadhiraja Chola – 1 from A.D.1051, crowned as the next Chola in the battle field itself and continued with the war with success to Cholas. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During this period one of his sons was given the title Chola Keralan in memory of his elder brother Manukulakesari who bore the same title as Chola Keralan. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"....vadathisai Gangaiyum thenthisai Ilankaiyum, kudathisai Makothaiyum kunathisai Kadaramum thandinil konda thaathai than mandalam venkudai nilal ena thankudai nilatri thisai thorum sengol ochchi........" </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> ".....velaikkelu Kanthalur saalai kalam aruththapin......' </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Inscription of Rajhadhiraja Chola - 1 </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> South Indian Inscriptions - Vol 3, Part 1, Page No: 64, No: 30</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(32) Period of Virarajendra {A.D.1063-1070}</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> With the demise of Rajendra –2, <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Virarajendra Chola {A.D.1063-1070}</span></span> was crowned as the next king of the Chola empire. On he ascending the Chola throne, again the Cheras at <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Venad</span></span> and Mahodayaouram started agiatating to free themselves from the Chola fold. Virarajendra first sent an expedition to Venad and killed the younger brother of the Kerala king named <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Jananathan</span></span>, while the king himself escaped from his country. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Later with the agitation also from the Chera king Bhaskara Ravi – 2, it necessiated Virarajendra Chola to go on a renewed war expedition to the great cities of the Chera country namely the Uthahai and Mahodai with big elephant cavalry to suppress the agitation. The Chera king in fear escaped with his family to safety. He defeating the Chera country returned back with much tributes, elephants and maids. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> With the death of Virarajendra his son <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Adirajendra {A.D1070-1074}</span></span> succeeded on the Chola throne in A.D.1070, after being his co-regent from A.D1067. His period of rule ended within a short period of few months due to illness. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......kalat Keralan thannai Sananaathan thambiyai poarkalaththu angal sool pasunthalai arinthu......" </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> "......Uthakaiyit Keralar thang kula sengeerai yodum ver ara parinththodi melka kadal veela......' </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Inscription of Virarajendra at...... </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> South Indian Inscriptions - Vol 3, Part 1, Page No: 64, No: 30</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(33) Period of of Baskara Ravi Varma - 3</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> After the death of Adirajendra there has been a turmoil in the Chola country with no direct male decendents in the line of the Rajaraja Chola -1 to succeed. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Eventually the great-grandson of Rajaraja Chola - 1, namely Kulothunga Chola - 1 {A.D.1074-1120} became the rightful heir to the chola throne hailing from the female decendents of Rajaraja in the year A.D.1074. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Taking opportunity of the turmoil in the Chola country the Chera kings at Aynad, Venad and Kudamalainadu agitated to gain freedom from from the Chola kings. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Kulothunga Chola - 1 in A.D.1081 waged war with the Cheras. He captured Vilignam, Kanthalursalai including Kottaru north of Kumari all of Ayenadu. The Chera king agreed to rule as a subordinate king and pay tributes. At Kottaru in south Kerala country he stationed a “Nilappadai” (ground force) known as Kottaru Nillapadai under the general Araiyan Mathuranthahan alias Chola Keralarasan. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Kulothunga Chola’s forces further moved to Mahodayapuram in Kudamalainadu of the Kerala country and defeated the Chavar forces (suicide sqads) of Baskara Ravi Varma - 3 who also met his death in this war in A.D.1082. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......Kudamalai naatulla Chaver ellaam thani visumbu eara maa eariya than maruthanit thalavarai kurukalar kulaiya Koattaaru utpada nerithorum nilaikal ittu aruli thiralkol veerasimmaasananth thiriya vittaruli.....' </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Inscription of Kulothunga Chola - 1 at...... </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> South Indian Inscriptions - Vol 3, Part 1, Page No: 68, page141 </span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(34) Ravi Rama Varma {A.D.1082-1090</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">He was succeeded by Ravi Rama Varma {A.D.1082-1090} on the throne with his acceptance to pay tribute to Cholas. This above are confirmed by the following references </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(35) Rama Varma Kulasekara {A.D.1090 – 1102}</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">He was followed by Rama Varma Kulasekara {A.D.1090 – 1102} at Mahodayapuram throne. It appears some time after A.D.1090 Rama Varma Kulasekara with his powerful Chavar forces defeated the Cholas and regained full power in Kudamalainadu. It seems Kulothunga Chola - 1 didnot take any serious attempt to regain the lost territories of the Kerala country. It appears this was the ending point of 100 years of intermittant war between the Cholas and the Cheras. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <br />
</span></span></span>Ilamuruganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16311706194380527105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3838316470284029548.post-84730902371927063152010-01-19T04:09:00.000-08:002010-01-19T04:09:45.584-08:00The great Significance of Kodungallur of Kerala : Part - 2<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The great Significance of Kodungallur in the history of Kerala and Tamil Nadu : Part - 2</span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(12) The great Epic story of Kannahi, Kovalan, Mathavi and Manimehalai</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
The other great significance of <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vanji Nagar (Kodungallur)</span></span>, is that the three principal characters among the four in the great 'epic story' of <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Silappathikarem</span></span>, namely <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kannahi, Mathavi</span>,</span> and <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Manimehalai</span></span> whose native place was the <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Chola country</span></span> (which formerly covered the central, and east of central regions of the present day Tamil Nadu), after the great tragedy that befell them in the <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Pandiyan country</span></span> (which formerly covered the southern regions of the present day Tamil Nadu), finally found refuge and solace in the <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kerala (Chera) country</span></span> of this period. <br />
<br />
The story goes to relate that two leading rich Tamil Merchants of Kaviripoompattinam (Poompuhar) the capital city of the then Chola country had their son and daughter namely Kovalan & Kannahi wedded to each other. Some months after their wedding, the annual sea festival was celeberated in the Chola capital at Kaviripoompattinam known as “Indra Vila”. The entire city went gay during this period rejoicing this festival with music, dance and other cultural activities taking place, with the sea bathing by many in the adjoining sea and worship at the temples of various religious sects namely the Saivite, Vaishnavite, Vedic, and in the Bhuddhist and Jain Pallis, celeberating the festival known as “Indra Vila” in the name of the rain God Indra. <br />
<br />
In this festival the young Dancer Mathavi performed her first dance recital “Arangetram” on stage which was witnessed by the Chola king Killivalavan and many others including Kovalan who went to this festival leaving Kannahi at his home. The young and beautiful Maathavi and her dances captured the mind of young Kovalan, who met Mathavi after the dance and became friendly with her. This finally ended up with both living together happily over months completely forgetting about wife Kannahi, not even thinking of going and seeing her from the time he left home for the Indira Vila. <br />
<br />
Maathavi belonged to the class of women of the oldest profession. This gradually paved way for the rapid drain of Kovalan’s financial resources and coming to a beggerly state which ended up with much uneasiness among Kovalan and Maathavi. This finally ended up in their breakaway and Kovalan returning back to his lawfully wedded wife Kannahi who accepted him whole heartedly and with warmth inspite of his misdoings to her. However some time later Mathavi became pregnant to Kovalan and delivered a baby girl who was named as Manimekalai. <br />
<br />
Kovalan thereafter lived with Kannahi happily for some time, but with their much diminished financial resources Kannahi offered her Gold Anklets for him to sell and meet their financial requirements. Kovalan thought of going to Mathurai the capital of the Pandiyan kingdom to find good prices for the Gold Anklets of Kannahi. There he went and showed the Anklets to some renowned Goldsmiths to obtain the best prices for same. But one of them happened to be the Goldsmith of the royal houseold of the king. He was aware that the Golden Anklets of the Pandiyan queen have been robbed, and the palace authorities still did not know as to who robbed it from the Royal Household. <br />
<br />
The Goldsmith on seeing the Anklets which was shown to him by Kovalan which looked very similer to the lost Anklets of the Pandiyan queen went and reported same to the king that the person who was suspected of having robbed the queens Anklets was at his household having come to him to sell same. The Pandiyan king Neduncheliyan who ruled his country honestly and faithfully to the rule of law made a hasty decision and without having the Anklets brought by Kovalan properly checked, taking to grant what the Goldsmith said orderd him to be be-headed. Accordingly Kovalan was beheaded by the warriors of the Pandiyan forces. <br />
<br />
This news reached Kannahi who immediately pursued to the Pandiyan Court and demanded she be allowed tro see the Pandiyan king immediately. The message was passed to the Pandiyan king who gave permission for her audience with the king. Kannahi wailed out and cried and accused the Pandiyan king of having beheaded her husband who was not a thief but an honest person, and claimed that in fact the Anklets was her own and demanded their identification of same with the Queens Anklets. To this the king said the Queen’s Anklets were studded with Rubies. Kannahi immediately replied and accused the king that he what he has done was wrong and his rule of law have defaulted. Kannaki claimed her Anklets were studded with pearls, and she dashed the other Anklet in her possession on the floor and the pearls from within shattered all over the floor. <br />
<br />
The king Pandiyan Neduncheliyan was stunned that his rule of law has defaulted due to he having not checked on same prior to ordering Kovalan to be beheaded, and was greatly distressed over what had happened. This untold grievance lead to his sudden collapse on the throne and to his death. The queen too with much greivance over what happened at the hand of the king unable to bear same collapsed and died therafter. <br />
<br />
However Kannahi became so furious over the great injustice done to her husband cursed vehemently the Pandiyan king and his city of Mathurai to be burnt, and very miraculously the king’s palace caught fire which speard throughout the city of Mathurai with much destruction. This tragedy happened on the Amavasai day being a Friday of the Tamil month of Aadi (second half of July) of that year. After all these destructive happenings Kannahi left Mathurai (in the present south Tamil Nadu) and moved towards the Chera Nadu (Kerala) and reached a hillock named Neduverlkuntram. She spent some time here, and she died in much grievance over her great loss on the fourteenth day (being Pournami day- in the first half of August) since the burning of Mathurai , and her death was witnessed by the jungle tribesman who claimed to have seen her going to the heaven. <br />
<br />
During this period in Kaviripoompattinam the Chola seaport capital a sea erosion took place with many parts of this seaport capital city of Cholas going under sea. This made many from this capital to shift to other regions. With the happenings in Mathurai to Kovalan, his mother succumbed to death in deep grief. The Kovalan’s father, Maathavi and Manimehalai too left Kaviripoompattinam and moved to the Vanji Nagar in Chera Nadu where they settled down seeking solace. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Refer</span>:</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition <br />
Sillappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal - Puliyoor Kesikan Edition <br />
Sillappathikarem - by Ilangi Adihal - S.V.Subramanian Edition</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".........Mathurai maa theiva maa Paththinikku <br />
vithimurai solli alal veedu kondapin <br />
karuththuru kanavart kandapin allathu <br />
iruththalum illen nittralum illen <br />
Kotravai vaayit potrodi thaharththu <br />
keel thisai vaayit kanavanodu pukunthen <br />
met thisai vaayil variyen peyarkena <br />
iravum pakalum mayanginan kaiyattru <br />
uravu neer <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vaiyai oru karai kondu angu</span> <br />
avala ennaal misaivai theralit <br />
kadal vayiru kiliththu malai nenju pilanthaangu <br />
avunarai kadantha sudarilai <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Neduvel <br />
Neduverl Kuntram adivai theri</span>........"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal, chapter - Katturai Kaathai - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">There are further reference which confirms this temple is reached on a Kuntram (hillock) by travelling upward along the course of Vaigai river as noted below.</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......Iyai aval mahalodum '<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vaiyai yoru valikkondu maamalai meemisai yeri komahal than koyil pukku</span> nangaikku sirappu ayarntha Chenguttuvartkku' thiram uraippaar man......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal, chapter - Vaalththu kaathai - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Note:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">The Neduverlkunram in Chera Nadu has not been identified postively. This region is referred to in Silappathikaaram as NeduVel Neduverl Kuntram, which means the Kuntram (hillock} of Neduverl (God Murugan) with Neduvel (long Vel). It further states that to reach this place Kannaki travelled eastwards along the (path on the) side of Vaikai River day and night. Hence it is clear Neduverl Kuntram cannot be the Thirupparankuntram a Muruga Thalam 6 km south of Mathurai, and the Vaikai River doesnot pass adjacent to this Thalam. <br />
<br />
Further from Silapathikaaram we come to know that the Neduverl Kuntram had been in the Chera country. Hence the possible route taken by Kannaki would have been a path adjacent to the Vaikai river and possibly then continued along Suruli river a branch of Vagai river to reach the Chera Nadu (Kerala) at Kumily in Idukki district of Kerala. <br />
<br />
Kannaki would have travelled further from Kumily to the interior of Kerala should the Neduverl Kuntram was elsewhere. But we note presently there is a Kannaki temple at Vannathiparai a hillock (Kuntram) 7 km from Kumily. Could this Kuntram earlier been a sacred Kuntram to God Muruga still to be confirmed. In all probability Kannaki could not have travelled too far from Mathurai especilly when she was terribly greived and wiered state of mind over the unfortunate happening, that too within fourteen days. <br />
<br />
There is an oral tradition that this is the Kuntram where Kannaki went to heaven (died), with Kovalan in a 'vanavoorthi' (an aero-vehicle). The truth of the tradition that the Kumily region would have been the site where Kannaki died could be acertained by the fact from Silappathikaaram that, Cheran Chenguttuvan left Vanji Nagar (Kodungallur) and went on land along the side of Periyar river to enjoy the scenes of hilly districts of Cheranadu. Along this tract the region which falls well with the geographic description in Silapathikaaram is the Idukki district, where the Kumily region is situated.</span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(13) The construction and ceremonial opening of first Kannahi (Pattini) temple by Cheran Chenguttuvan at Neduverlkuntram Kerala</span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The Chera king of this period the Cheran Senguttuvan while seated in his throne one day at his palace in Vanji Nagar in the presence of his younger brother a Chera Prince turned Jain Monk known as Ilango Adihal, the Tamil Poet Saatanaar who was with them and who have already heard of the full story of the Kovalan and Kannahi’s life in the Chola country, and how they met the great tragedy in Pandiyan country, and finally Kannahi met her death in the Chera Nadu, was related by him to them. <br />
<br />
All three felt that Kannahi to be a virtuous lady who was now known also as Pattini who has performed all these miracles, has to be of very godly nature and fit to be deified, and Cheran Senguttuvan with others decided to build a temple to Kannahi in Vanji Nagar, as she finally came and met her death in Chera Nadu. <br />
<br />
It was decided that the stone for carving the image of Kannahi for this temple should not be taken from Pothihai Hills on the boarders of Chera Nadu, but for a great Chera emperor felt that for a king of his valour it is more fitting and is of great pride to bring same from Himalayas travelling all the way towards north of India. Accordingly all the Aryan kings in the north who were earlier subdued by the Chera Emperor Imayavaraban Nedun Cheralathan were informed of Cheran Senguttuvan’s trip to Himalayas with his forces to execute same. <br />
<br />
He also informed his ally the king Sathakarni of the Sathavahana dynasty known in Tamil as Nootruvar Kannar having the same meaning to have a large fleet of boats to be made and kept ready for his forces to cross the river Ganges and reach Himalayas to cutout the stone suited to carve the statue of Kannahi to be installed at the temple to be built by him at the Vanji Nagar. <br />
<br />
The forces left Vanji Nagar and marched to north of India through Nilagiri, and reached the southern shores of the river Gangai river where they were greeted by his ally in the north namely the Nootruvar Kannar who is identified with Sathakarni king of the Sathavahana dynasty of this period. From here they crossed the Gangai river in special boats made and kept ready by his ally by a pre-arrangement. <br />
<br />
On they reaching the northern sides of the Gangai river, the north Indian kings namely the Kanakan and Visayan along with other northern kings namely Uththaran, Visiththaran, Uruththiran, Phairavan, Siththiran, Singhan, Thanuththiran, Sivedan jointly confronted confronted Cheran Chenguttuvan's forces. Cheran Chenguttuvan and his forces valiantly fought with these joint forces of North Indian kings defeated them and took the king Kankar and Visayar as their captives. <br />
<br />
Thereafter he instructed his chief of his forces Villavan Kothai to proceed to Himalayas and to cut out the stone from this mountain that was required to carve out the statue of "Kannahi' considered now as a goddess. <br />
<br />
This stone slab was made to be carried also by the captive kings Kanakan and Visayan was cerimoniously bathed in the Gangai river and reached the southern shore of this river. He and his retinue resided for some days in this region where palace, manimandapams, performance stage, gardens, ponds, stage for receiving tributaries, and private quarters were built by his other friendly Aryan king possibly the Nootruvar Kannar who beforehand informed of his Himalayan expedition. <br />
<br />
While he was staying here he decorated the valient soldiers of his forces who performed well in his battle with the north Indian kings, and provided them with "victory flowers" made of gold. Therafter he ordered his men Neelan and others to take the captive kings Kanakan and Visayan and show them to the two other Tamil kings namely the Pandiya and Chola to exibit his war victory. He thereafter returned with his forces to his capital Vanji Nagar where his queen Koperumthevi was awaiting his arrival. <br />
<br />
Thereafter the work on the Kannahi statue commenced with by the Artisons who were well versed in Sitpa Noolkal with the assistance of priest, astrologer performing religious ceremonies and advicing on the good time to start the sculptural work on the Kannahi statue with a temple to house same known as <br />
''Paththini Koattam". <br />
<br />
On completion the king Cheran Chenguttuvan instructed the Kannahi statue was consecrated adorned with jewellery made by competant Artisons with Poosai valipaadukal done with flowers, with scented fumes and velvi and festival rituals and ceremonies to be performed daily to grace the Goddess, and he in his worship prayed with his circumbulation the goddess statue three time. <br />
<br />
At this ceremony the Aryan kings who were held in tempororay captivity and the kings on long term captivity in jails were released on this occasion, the Kongar king of Kudahu, kings of Malawa, the king Kayavaahu (Gajabahu - 1) of ocean surrounded Ilangai (Sri Lanka) all were present. <br />
<br />
After consecration ceremonies Cheran Chenguttuvan invited these kings also to be present at the Velvi ceremonies to be held on the birthday of his father Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan and preyed for Goddess Kannahi's blessing on this occasion. <br />
<br />
After these ceremonies all king returned to their own countries. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Refer:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition <br />
Sillappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal - Puliyoor Kesikan Edition <br />
Sillappathikarem - by Ilangi Adihal - S.V.Subramanian Edition</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".......Vadavarutkum vaantroai vel kodi <br />
Kudavar Komaan Neduncheralaatharkku <br />
Solan Manakkilli eentra mahan <br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kadavut Paththini katkoal veandi</span> <br />
kaanavill kaanang kanaiyit pohi <br />
Ariya annalai veetti perisai <br />
inba aruvi gangai manni <br />
innam theriyaa pallaan kantrodu kondu <br />
......<span style="text-decoration: underline;">kadal pirakkottiya Chenguttuvan......</span>"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Pathirttru Paththu - 5th Paththu, by Paranar - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
"......Villavan Kothai yodu ventru vinai mudiththa <br />
palvel thaanai padai pala eavi <br />
pok koattu Imayaththu, poru aru Paththinik <br />
kalkaal kondanan, kaavalan aangu en........" <br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal, chapter - kaalkol kaathai - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition[/i]</span>[/color] <br />
<br />
".....vada per Imayaththu vaan tharu sirappin <br />
Kadavul Paththinikku kalkaal konda pin <br />
sinavel munpin seruvem koallaththu <br />
Kanaka Visayar tham kathimudi earttri <br />
serikalal venthan then Thamil aattral <br />
ariyaathu malainththa Ariya mannarai <br />
seyir tholil muthiyon seitholil peruka <br />
uyirthokai unda onpathittru iratti entru <br />
yandum mathiyum naalum kadikaiyum <br />
eendu neer gnalam kootti enkol... <br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal, chapter - kaalkol kaathai - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition[/i]</span>[/color] <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......Mathurai moothoor maa nagar <br />
kedu ura kothi alal cheettram kongaiyin vilaiththu <br />
nan naadanainthu nalir chinai vengai <br />
ponnani puthu nilart porunthiya Nangaiyai <br />
arakkalaththu anththanar aasaan pernghani <br />
sirappudai kammiyar thamodum chentru <br />
meloar vilaiyum nooneri maakkal <br />
paalpera vahutha <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Paththini Koattaththu</span> <br />
Imayavar uraiyum Imaiyachchevarai <br />
Simaya senni theivam parasi <br />
kaivinai muttriya <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Theiva Padimaththu</span> <br />
viththakar iyatriya vilangiya kolaththu <br />
mutru elai nankalam muluvathum pootti <br />
pooppali seithu kaappuk kadai nirutthi <br />
Velviyum Vilaavum naadorum vahuththu <br />
Kadavul Mangalam seika ena eavinan <br />
vadathisai vanakkiya mannavre en......." <br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal, chapter - Nadukat kaathai - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".........<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Mangala madanthai koataththu aangkann <br />
Chengkoattu uyar varai</span> senuyar silambit <br />
pini muga nedung kat pidar thalai nirambiya <br />
ani kayam pala ula aang avai idaiyathu <br />
kadi pahai nunkalum kavirithal kurungalum <br />
idikalap panna illaithu uhu neerum <br />
undoar sunai athanul pukku aadinar <br />
pandaiya piraviya ahuvaraathalin........."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal, chapter - Varamtharu kaathai - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......Kadavul seitha pinnaal <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kannaki than koattam</span>......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal, chapter - Vaalththu kaathai - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">From the above it is noted Kannaki Koyil was referred to as Kannaki Koattam, Paththni Koattam and as Mangala madanthai Koattam. The latter name is equivalent to Managala Devi temple (koyil). <br />
<br />
Today there is a granite stone temple complex known as</span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Mangaladevi temple</span>"</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">at the village Vannaaththiparai in Kumily in the Idukki State of Kerala bordering Tamil Nadu</span></span>. <span style="color: black;">This temple is situated on a hill on the Surulimalai range known as the "Mangaladevi Malai" There is a Vatteluththu Inscription of Rajaraja Chola - 1 in this temple which refers to the Goddess of this temple as "Sri Poorani" and Kulasekara Pandiyan's Tamil Inscription refers as "Sri Pooranigiri Aaludai Naatchiyaar" an idol a of a Goddess badly damaged,</span> <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">but the temple is in a highly dilapidated condition "with no attention still from the Archaeological Survey of India in it's preservation, under whose purview it is presently kept"</span></span>. </span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: indigo;">Kannakiyaar Adichchuvattil Puhar muthal Vanji varaiyil - C.Govindharaasanaar - Pages 123, 131, 144, 154</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Note:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">From the foregoing we note the Inscription of Rajaraja Chola - 1 at Mangaladevi Temple on Mangaladevi Malai states the presiding deity of this temple is Sri Poorani. We also note from the Kulasekara Pandiyan's inscription at this temple that Sri Poorani was the Aludai Nachchiyaar (presiding deity) of the temple on the hill Sri Pooranigiri, traditionally known as the Mangaladevi Malai. Hence it is very clear Sri Poorani is the subsequent name given to Managaladevi (Mangala Madanthai of Silappathikaaram the other name of Goddess Kannaki) by possibly Vedic Priests during the period of Rajaraja Chola or earlier.</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkred;">The credit of re-discovery of the Kannaki Temple built by the Chera king Cheran Chenguttuvan around (A.D.175) in reverence to Goddess Kannaki at Kumily on Idukki District in Kerala, goes to the great efforts of <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">C.Govindharaasanaar a Research Scholar of Madurai Kamarajar University</span></span>.</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> A Video and two Web Pages on Mangalathevi temple at Kumily in Kerala</span>. </span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.metacafe.com/watch/2393516" target="_blank">http://www.metacafe.com/watch/2393516</a> <br />
/chitra_pournami_www_neelaearth_com/ <br />
<a href="http://kerala.gov.in/kerala_callingaug/p38-39.pdf" target="_blank">http://kerala.gov.in/kerala_callingaug/p38-39.pdf</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.orientalthane.com/archaeology/news_2008_04_09.htm" target="_blank">http://www.orientalthane.com/archaeology/news_2008_04_09.htm</a> <br />
<a href="http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=f247b553-6597-4005-a927-6bf5678202a9&CATEGORYNAME=CHN" target="_blank">http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=f247b553-6597-4005-a927-6bf5678202a9&CATEGORYNAME=CHN</a> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">Chengkoattu = Chengkuntram, was situated closer to Neduverlkuntram near Kumily. </span> This is confirmed by the reference in Silappathikaaram as(<span style="color: indigo;">'.....Mangala Madanthai Koattaththu "aangu ann[-maiyil"] Chengoattu uyar varai....."</span> meaning <span style="color: darkred;">".....the Managaladevi temple "there closeby" the the tall hill Chengkoadu...."</span>. <br />
<br />
It should be noted the Chengkoadu referred above is not the Thiruchengkodu situated west of present Erode, which is far out in Tamil Nadu, and far out of the course of Vaikai river. Further the hillock village Vannaaththiparai at Kumily, could have been the Neduvelkuntram which was sacred to God Murugan (Neduvel Nedu Verl) at that time. <br />
<br />
The Poet Ilango Adihal has confirmed same, 'as being interpreted by Kannaki herself' as follows in the Silappathikaaram. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......naan avan than mahal <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ven Velaan kuntril vilaiyaattu yaan akalen</span>....."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikarem - by Ilango Adihal, chapter - Vaaththu kaathai - U.V. Saminatha Iyer Edition</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Note:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
Nootruvar = hundred, and Kannar = Karnar - Likewise Satha = one hundred and Karni = Kannar. Hence Nootruvar Kannar king is no other than the Satharkani of Sathavaakana dynasty of Kalinga region of that time. <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(14) The spread of Kannaki Cult to other countries with the consecration of the first Kannaki (Pattini) temple at Neduverlkuntram</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
The ceremonial consecration of the first Kannaki Temple at Neduverlkuntram in the Iddukki district of Kerala bordering Tamil Nadu, was witnessed by many kings of other countries, and the subordinate kings of the Chera Emperor Chenguttuvan, ruling within the former Chera Nadu (Kerala state) who came there on his invitation. <br />
<br />
Among them were the kings of Kudagu Nadu, Kongar Nadu, Malava Nadu, Chola Nadu, Pandiya Nadu, the king Gajabahu of ocean surrounded Sri Lanka, kings Kanakar and Visaiyar of north Kalinga region, the other Ariyan kings who were released from minor captivity and from major captivity in jails, who attended this consecration ceremony. <br />
<br />
Many of these kings on their return to their respective countries highly captured by the godly powers and miracles of Kannaki venerated her as a Goddess in newly built temples in their own countries as Goddess - Kannaki, Paththini and Mangaladevi, who much later also came to be known as the Baghavathi Amman especially in Kerala. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">In Kodungallur</span></span> <br />
<br />
The Chera emperor Chenguttuvan after the consecration ceremony of the first Kannaki temple at Neduverlkuntram, built another Kannaki temple just out side his capital city the Vanji Nagar, which as confirmed by "Manimekalai" had the 'statues of both Kannaki and Kovalan' venerated unlike at the temple in Kumily. <br />
<br />
This Temple undoubtedly is the present Baghawathi Amman Temple in north Kodungallur (former vanji), confirming the reference in "Manimekalai' that this temple was just outside the city of Vanji (puranagar), where the traditions relating to Kannaki worship exists even today. <br />
<br />
However some ugly practices prevalent in this temple in connection with her worship, probably came upon at a latter date should be abolished, and much more reverence given to the actual worship of Kannaki now known as Baghawathi Amman in this temple. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">In Thiruvananthapuram</span></span> <br />
<br />
It could have been a possibility that the Aye king of Venaadu too participated as an invitee at the consecration ceremony of the first Kannaki temple at Kumily held by Cheran Chenguttuvan - the overlord king of Kerala of that period. On his return he possibly constructed a temple in her veneration, and arranged for the annual festivals and daily rituals of worship to be conducted at this temple. <br />
<br />
It is porbably this temple which is presently known as the Baghavathi Amman Temple located at Aattukal in Thiruvananthapuramam. It celeberates an annual festival known as "Attukala Pongala" which mean the Pongal Festival (boiling of Rice and Milk), an all ladies festival participated by as much as 2 1/2 to 3 lacks of ladies in worship of the deity Baghavathy Amman, which has traditions connected with the Kannaki worship even today. <br />
<br />
The present tradition that Kannaki personaly came to Aattukkaal in Thiruvananthapuram has no credence, as she could not have come all the way to this region from Mathurai in Tamil Nadu under wiered and grevious condition after the great tragedy, trekking a very long distance within fourteen days. Further there is no mountain at Attukaal sacred to God Murugan, where Kannaki spent her last days as per Silappathikaaram. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">In Mangalore</span></span> <br />
<br />
It is confirmed in Sillapathikarem, that the king of the Kongar dynasty of Tuluva Nadu too was present at the consecration ceremony of the Kannaki temple at Kumily. The Tuluva Nadu of that period had as it's capital the present Mangalore. <br />
<br />
Also from Silappathikaaram it is seen Kannaki Koatam (temple) was also known as the "Mangala Madanthai Koatam" a direct equivalent of "Mangala Devi temple", and it is 'quite possible' the king of Tuluva Nadu on his return to his capital city, named it after Kannaki as "Mangala Urr" which possibly became the present Mangalore, and also built there a temple to Goddess Kannaki named as Mangaladevi temple. <br />
<br />
However the present traditions only holds, that this temple is venerated to Goddess Sakthi known as Mangaladevi, undoubtedly it is the 'forgotten truth' of the worship of Kannaki as Mangaladevi in Mangalore, which presently forms a part of Karnataka state of India. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">In Chengannur</span></span> <br />
<br />
There is also a Baghawathi temple at Chengannur in Allepey district in Kerala with Kannaki traditions. It is said that Kannaki came to Chenkunnu in Kerala and did penance under a tree. Kovalan appeared before her in a vimana and took her to heaven. <br />
<br />
This tradition too could not be accepted as correct, as the Chengannur has been confused at some time or the other with the Chengkuntram appearing in Silappathikaaram, in which it is very clearly stated that the Chengkuntram was a hill within the close vicinity of Neduverlkuntram where Kannaki demised (as discussed under 'Notes' in Section - 12 of this article), and clearly not the place far west in Allepey district. <br />
<br />
But it is quite possible with the acceptance of Kannaki worship in many parts of Kerala during the period of Cheran Chenguttuvan, possibly a subordinate king or chieftan ruling this region of Kerala would have built this Kannaki temple which is now known as Baghavathi temple and having the above mentioned tradition. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".......The festival commences on Karthika day of Malayalam month Makaram-Kumbham (Feb-March). Pongala festival is a ten-day long festival and on the 9th day of the festival is the famous Pongala. <br />
<br />
Other activities during the ten-day festival include various ceremonial rituals like Kappukettu, during which the story of Goddess Kannaki is recited. It is a musical recitation and goes on for the first nine days of the festival. The musical recitation of Kannaki's story ends with the part of the Goddess annihilating the Pandya King. The story signifies victory of good over evil, light over darkness and justice over injustice. Immediately after the end of the recitation, it begins the rituals for Attukal Pongala, which begins with making fire in the temple hearth known as Pandara Aduppu. The fire will then be passed to the women ready to offer pongala and the same fire spreads to all the tens of thousands of women, who are offering pongala.</span></span>. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Two Web Pages on Attukaldevi Temple Festival at Thirvananthapuram in Kerala</span>. </span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.attukaldevi.com/pl/festivals.htm" target="_blank">http://www.attukaldevi.com/pl/festivals.htm</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.englishnews.mywebdunia.com/2009/03/10/watch_attukal_pongala_2009_live_online.html" target="_blank">http://www.englishnews.mywebdunia.com/2009/03/10/watch_attukal_pongala_2009_live_online.html</a> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"> It appears the Aye dynasty king of Venaadu (present Thirvananthapuram), being subordinate of Emperor Cheran Chenguttuvan ruling at that time in Vanji, possibily would have been an invitee of the latter at the Kannaki Temple consecration ceremony at Neduverlkuntram the present Kumily region in Idukki district. He on his return to his country would have built a temple in veneration to Kannaki and started daily religious rituals with an annual festival in honour of the deity in his own kingdom at Venaadu, which over years would have developed to today's big Attukaala Pongala Festival of Thiruvananthapuram. </span> <br />
<br />
Similerly in Mangalore in east of present Karnataka state which has been part of the former Tulu country, we note the great "Magaladevi Temple" the "Magala Madanthai Koatam" of Silappathikaaram havong the same meaning, ceremoniously celeberating the annual festival. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.kerala.in/index.php?page=desti&type=list&destiid=25&pname=About+Kodungalloor" target="_blank">http://www.kerala.in/index.php?page=desti&type=list&destiid=25&pname=About+Kodungalloor</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(15) The great Tamil Literary works composed from Vanji Nagar in Kerala</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">In Vanji Nagar the present Kodungallur - the capital city of the Chera (Kerala)Nadu, there had been many Tamil Poets who have composed great Tamil poetic works which are available to us to this day. <br />
<br />
Among them are the two great "Kerala (Chera) Tamil Epics" namely the "<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sillapathikarem"</span> and "<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Manimehalai</span>" of the second century A.D.which speaks much about the people, their lifestyles, religions, traditions and culture of the Tamil people of then Chera(Kerala), Chola and Pandiya countries known then as the Muth Thamil Nadu. <br />
<br />
The first was the Manimekhalai composed by the poet Saaththanaar at the royal court of the Chera king Seran Senguttuvan at Vanji. The second was the Silappathikaram composed by Ilango Adigal the younger brother of Cheran Chenguttuvan who composed same from his residence at Kunavaayil Kottam a little out side the city north of the Vanji city (Kodungallur) and identified as the present Thirukanna Mathilakam. He lead his life as a Jain Monk while his elder brother Seran Chenguttuvan the Chera king professed the Saivite religion.</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Note</span></span></span>: <br />
<br />
These two "Kerala Tamil Epics", are among the ancient Tamil Literary works treasured today by the Tamils of Tamil Nadu and worldover. <br />
<br />
We have another set of poems called the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">"Paththuppaatu"</span> in Tamil, composed by ten different Tamil Poets of Chera Nadu on the ten different Chera kings of the period first century B.C. upto second century A.D. speaking on their glory, and complied into one single work as Pathuppaattu. Unfortunately the first Paththu and last Paththu of the Paththupaatu is missing and now left only with eight Paththus. Each work is called as a Paththu as the glory of each ten king were summed up in ten Verses. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Chera(Kerala) Kings on whom the Paththus were composed and their respective Poets, are as follows:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">First Paththu - sung on king </span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Uthiyan Cheralathan</span></span> by a poet <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">unknown</span></span> (presently lost to us) <br />
<span style="color: black;">Second Paththu - sung on king </span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Imayavaraban Neduncheralaathan (A.D.42-100)</span></span> by poet <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kumattoor Kannanaar</span></span> <br />
<span style="color: black;">Third Paththtu - sung on king </span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Palyaanai Selkelu Kuttuvan </span></span>(brother of the above) by poet <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Paalai Kauthamanaar</span></span> <br />
<span style="color: black;">Fourth Paththu - sung on king </span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kalangaai Naarmudi Cheral</span></span> by poet <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kaappiyaatru Kaapiyanoor</span></span> <br />
<span style="color: black;">Fifth Paththu - sung on king </span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kadal Pirakkottiya Senguttuvan (A.D. 100-155)</span></span> by poet <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Paranar</span> </span> <br />
<span style="color: black;">Sixth Paththu - sung on king</span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Aadukoatpaadu Seralaathan</span></span> by poetess <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kaakkaipaadiniyar Nachchellaiyaar</span></span> <br />
<span style="color: black;">Seventh Paththu - sung on king</span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Selvak Kadungovaliyaathan</span></span> by poet <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kappilar</span></span> <br />
<span style="color: black;">Eighth Paththu - sung on king</span> <span style="color: indigo;"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Peruncheral Irumporrai</span></span> by poet <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Arisil Keelar</span></span> <br />
<span style="color: black;">Nineth Paththu - sung on king</span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ilamcheral Irumporrai</span></span> by poet <span style="color: darkblue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Perungkuntroor Keelaar</span></span> <br />
<span style="color: black;">Tenth Paththu - </span> by a poet <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">unknown</span></span> (presently lost to us) <br />
<br />
There is another Literary work of this period known as <span style="color: darkblue;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kurunthohai</span>"</span>. There is another work called the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Muththolaayiram</span>"</span> which has three sections. Each section deals with the kings and their three Tamil kingdoms (Muth Thamil Naadu) namely Chera, Chola and Pandiya of that period. This work belongs to the period first centurt A.D. and composed by Poet Thollaasiriyar of then Pandiya Nadu.</span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(16) The active trade of the Greeks and Romans with the Kerala (Chera) country</span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">With the invasion of Alexander the Great (B.C.321) up to Indus River in the north-western region of then India, and the settlements of Greeks at that time in the regions of the present Pakistan and Afganistan, and with the coming of the Greek seaport city in Egypt known as Alexandria paved the way for Greek trading with many parts of India. <br />
<br />
This also made them to travel to the western coasts of India specifically to important Seaport city of then Kerala namely the Muziri, and the inland city the Karur near present Kodungallur. <br />
<br />
But it was during the rise of the Roman Empire under Julius Caeser (B.C.60-44) and with its expansion under his nephew Augustas Ceasor (B.C.27-A.D.14), and with the discovery of the favourable wind to Musiri in the Kerala (Chera) country in India, named "Hippalaus" after a Greek Marinor who discovered same, the travel to India from from the Ports of Alexandria, Aden, Socotra, Ormuz, Ctesiphon, Caesarea, Taxila, Broach in the Arabic sea became much easier and shorter, <br />
<br />
The the direct route discovered to the port of Musiri with this favourable wind paved the way for the very active trade of the Romans with India especially with the Chera, Chola and Pandiya countries in the south. <br />
<br />
The presence of the Roman - Traders and their Guarding Warriors in the Musiri Port became so great that they erected a temple in honour of their emperor the Augustus Ceaser at this seaport city of Musiri. This is confirmed by an A.D.225 record named the Peutinger Tables. “Tabula Peutingeriana” (Peutinger Tables) now in the National Library at Vienna (Switzerland). <br />
<br />
The trading activities of the Romans in the cities of Vanji and Musiri regions of Kerala (Chera Nadu) increased and many of their gold coins have been discovered in these regions belonging to Augustus, Tiberius, etc. <br />
<br />
The Romans provided gold in return to the goods they purchased from Vanji, Musiri and surrounding regions of Cheranadu, for export to their country the Rome. <br />
<br />
'the Musiri of fame, where the river Sulliam Periyaaru (the present Periyar river of Kerala state) of the Seralar (Chera kings) emits the white lather (by clashing with the sea water at it's estuary), (where) the strong ships of the Yavanas (common term for Romans and Greeks) of high workmanship came with Gold and returned with Kari' (Kari means Milahu in Tamil which is the black pepper (in English), <br />
<br />
The Romans carrying the great vessels with no limit known by measure reached the prosperous the Vanji territory……” <br />
<br />
where the warlike Cheliyan (Pandiyan king) with tall strong elephant surrounded (the city) to the shock (of the inhabitants) raided in severe battle, and took (to himself) the statue. </span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"....Seralar Sulliam Periyaartru vennurai kalanga Yavanar thantha vinai maan nan Kalam <br />
ponnodu vanthu Kariyodu peyarum <br />
valam elu Musiri arrpu ela valaiyee <br />
arum samam kadanthu padimam vaviya <br />
nedu nal yanai adu por Cheliyan......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahananooru - chapter 7, verse 148</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......alanthu kadai ariyaa arungkalam sumanthu <br />
valanthalai mayangiya Vanji muttraththu....:"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"...meen noduththu nel kuvaiyi <br />
misai ambiyin manai marukkunthu <br />
manai kuwaiiya kari moodaiyaal <br />
kalich summaiya karai lalak kurunthu <br />
kalam thantha pot parisam <br />
kali thoniyaan karai serkunthu <br />
malai thaaramum kadal tharamum <br />
thalai peithu varunarkku eeyum <br />
punal am kallin polanthaar Kuttuvan <br />
mulanghu kadal mulavin Musiri anna <br />
nalam saal vilu porul paninthu vanthu koduppinum <br />
puraiyar alloar varaiyalal evalk ena <br />
thanthaiyum kodaa an aayin vanthoar <br />
vaai patta iruththa eani ayidai <br />
vartunthi intru kollo thane parunthuuyirththu <br />
idai mathil sekkum purisai <br />
padai mayangu aar idai nedu nal ure......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Puranaanooru - verse 343</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“….Reference to Muziris is very clearly made. Behind the name Muziris on the map there is a large lake mapped Lakus Muziris beside which an icon marked Templ(um) Augusti…”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Web Pages on Musiri map & Peutingner tables</span>. </span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/muziris_final.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/muziris_final.pdf</a>). <br />
<a href="http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/AncientWebPages/120mono.html" target="_blank">http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/AncientWebPages/120mono.html</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(17) Articles imported and exported in to by Greeks & Romans</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
----------------------- <br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(18) Coming of the St Thomas to Kodungallur</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
During this period the mighty Roman empire with it's capital at Rome in the present day Italy, was under the reign of Tiberius Caeser (A.D.14 - A.D.36) who succeeded the Roman Emperor Augustus Caeser (B.C.27- A.D.14) after his death. <br />
<br />
We have the positive date of the accession of Tiberius Caesor at Rome as A.D.14 from history. Also in the Luke’s Gospal (in the Bible), it is stated that in the 15th year of Tiberius Caesor - that is in A.D.29, the Roman Governer governing Judea in Israel on behalf of him was Pontius Pilate. <br />
<br />
From Lukes’s Gospal and a reference in the historical writings of the Jewish Historian Josephus of the contemporary period it is clear few years later the crucification of Lord Jesus Christ took place on the order of this Roman Governer - Pontius Pilate, who subsequently left for Rome in A.D.36 from Judea, after his removal as Governer. <br />
<br />
We also note from the above that Pilate has also issued coins upto A.D.32. This could have been normally possible if there have been much peace in the country of his rule during the period. <br />
<br />
Hence it is most possible that in the following year in A.D.33 that Lord Jesus Christ was crucified, as thereafter by much religious unrest in Judea which would have made him be removed, and to travel to Rome to answer the complaints made against him to Emperor Tiberius. <br />
<br />
With the death of Lord Jesus Christ in A.D.33 and the persecution of Christians by the Romans under Pontius Pilate, St Thomas one of his twelve Apostles subsequently chose to leave Jerusalem in Judea, and reached Nubia in the present Sudan south of Egypt where he converted many to the Christian faith. <br />
<br />
From there he reached Abyssenia the present Ethopia further south where too he preached and converted some to the Christian faith. From there he further travelled to Malabar in India the present Kerala coastal region. <br />
<br />
The oral traditions in the present day Kerala states that St Thomas took the sea route to Kerala (Maabar) coast and landed at the former Muziri Port at Kodungallur most likely around A.D.52. <br />
<br />
Further from a sixteenth century composition in an old Ola Manuscript called ther “St Thomas Parvam” (Ramban Song) from Palayur (near Kodungallur) written by a priest named St Thomas Ramban provides details on the arrival of St Thomas the apostle and his activities in India including an immediate coversion of a Chera king and his nephew to Christianity. <br />
<br />
However we have no evidences confirming a Chera king of that period having been converted into Christian faith <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">in the Kerala Tamil Literary works namely Silappathikaarem, Manimekalai, and Paththuppaattu (8 - Hero Poems out of 10, on 8 - Chera kings) of the "first and second century" composed by Tamil Poets who lived during this same period at Kodungallur (around A.D.50-200)</span>,</span> [/u][/color] - as mentioned in "Thomas Parvam" a Tamil Christian Literary work of the "<span style="text-decoration: underline;">sixteenth century</span>". <br />
<br />
Further the Kerala Tamil Literary work of this period namely “Manimekalai” while listing out all religious faiths that prevailed prominantly in Vanji Nagaram (Kodungallur) of that period, has not mentioned of the Christian religion. The prominant religions that prevailed in Vanji Nagar (Kodungallur) of that period are given in "Manimekalai" are as follows: <br />
<br />
(a) Ulakaayutham <br />
(b) Bauddham <br />
(c) Sanngeeyam <br />
(d) Nayaayikam <br />
(e) Vaisedikam <br />
(f) Meemaansakam <br />
(g) Saivam <br />
(h) Vainavam <br />
(i) Vedism <br />
(j) Aaseevakam <br />
(k) Nikandam <br />
(l) Saangeeyam <br />
<br />
It could be that though Christianity was introduced around A.D.52 by St Thomas, 'it became acceptable to a fair section of the <br />
"people in Kodungallur" only after a century and half later around the beginning of the third century(A.D.201)' that too became a more prominent religion of this region. <br />
<br />
A Malayalam chronicle named "Keralolpathi" of the ‘<span style="text-decoration: underline;">seventeenth century</span>’ is the first document which mentions of 'some members of the Namboodiri community have been converted into Christianity with the arrival of St Thomas at Kodungallur in A.D.52. This statement doesnot carry much weight, as the earliest reference to "Namboodiris" are found only in this chronicle much later period, and no where else in any Kerala or Tamil - historical or literary documents, or in any inscriptions or copper plate grants of Kerala - prior to this period. <br />
<br />
However as many informations given in this chronicle has been disputed by the "Kerala Historians and others" as historically unreliable based on the evidences from the other sources on Kerala history and we can leave out this statement as incorrect, as historically - "Namboodiris" came into Kerala from the Tulu and Karnataka countries only after the end of 100 years of Chera-Chola war (towards the end twelveth century), and gradually settled and married among the Kerala local communities. <br />
<br />
Up to the beginning of the third century the Chera - Kings and Emperors have been very powerful, and they being Saivites and Vaishnavites themselves - these religions along with the Vedic Religion received their great patronage, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">as seen from all Kerala Tamil Literary works of this very period, especially in Silappathikaaram, Manimekalai and Paththupaattu</span>. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Cæsar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judæa...."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Holy Bible, Gospal of St Luke 3: Line 1, . <br />
The Harvard Classics. 1909–14.</span></span></span> <br />
<a href="http://www.bartleby.com/44/5/3.html" target="_blank">http://www.bartleby.com/44/5/3.html</a> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“….According to Josephus (Jewish Historian Ant, XVIII, iv, 2) Pilate held office in Judea for 10 years. Afterwards he was removed from office by Vitellius, the legate of Syria, and traveled in haste to Rome to defend himself before Tiberius against certain complaints. Before he reached Rome the Tiberius had died and Gaius (Caligula) was on the throne, AD 36. <br />
<br />
“……It is interesting as well that there have been a few bronze coins found that were struck form 29-32 AD by Pontius Pilate.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Inscription by Pontius Pilate </span></span></span>- <a href="http://www.bible-history.com/empires/pilate.html" target="_blank">http://www.bible-history.com/empires/pilate.html</a> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"The body of St Thomas lies in the province of Maabar in a little town.......But it is a fact that before he came to the place where he died he made many converts in Nubia......And now let us turn to the great province Abyssinia,.....In this province Messer St Thomas the Apostle preached. And after making some converts there he went to Maabar..."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">The Travels of Marco Polo - Translated by Ronald Latham, Page 276, 303,304</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"St.Thomas, my namesake, the great teacher of the religion of grace (He) in company <br />
with Avan the agent of King Cholan, Embarked in Arabia and arrived at Maliamkara…………Thereafter he made haste and soon reached Mylapore." <br />
<br />
".......In one month’s time him to come back to the Kerala country, The nephew of the King of Tiruvanchikkulam arrived in that land (the Cholan’s land), And, kissing his blessed foot, entreated. They voyaged in a ship, And, undoubtedly, came to Maliamkara...." <br />
<br />
".......There by his miraculous deeds, in eight days he established the religion “Returning there from Mylapore at the invitation of the King from Kodungallur in the company of the King’s nephew, "Together with the King’s family, three thousand heathens, unbelievers, As well as forty Jews who had settled in the country, Received baptism in a year and a half." Thus the capital of the Chera empire receives the Apostle and his message with an open heart, and thereafter becomes the fountainhead of faith for the whole country. Therefore "There for worship (St.Thomas) erected a church and a cross........" </span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">St Thomas Parvam (also known as Ramban Song - by Thomas Ramban</span></span></span> <br />
<a href="http://www.stthoma.com/Kodungallore.php" target="_blank">http://www.stthoma.com/Kodungallore.php</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(19) Change of name from Vanji to Kodungallur & Thiruvanjaikkalam Siva Temple</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
It was possibly in the early third century (after A.D.201) during the rule of the Chera king Kadungo at Vanji Nagar, the city was re-named after him as “Kadungo Uur” which possibly came to be known gradually as Kodungolur and subsequently as Kodunggallur. <br />
<br />
In the second century Kerala Tamil Epic poems namely the Silappathikaram & Manimehalai (A.D.175) it is only referred to as Vanji Nagar. The very next reference to it is found in the Thevarams (Tamil religious hyms) of the Tamil Saiva Saint Thirunaavukkarasar of Tamil Nadu of the period A.D.568 – 649, but as Kodungallur. Hence it is clear between the periods of A.D.175 to A.D.568 it was given the new name Kodungallur. <br />
<br />
This Thevarams also refers to a Siva shrine in the capital city of Kodungkolur (Kodungallur) named as “Anjaikkalam” (Thiruvanjaikkalam) - the first reference we know of this shrine from the literary, religious, historical or epigraphical sources. <br />
<br />
In the Periyapuranam of the sage/poet Seikeelar in the kandam (chapter) on the Tamil Saiva Saint Sunderamoorthy Nayanaar, there is a reference as "Kodungallurin mathil vayil" and another in the same kandam as "inji Vanji mathil vayil" referring to the same gate of the fortress leading to the inner city. <br />
<br />
From the above it is confirmed that the royal city which was earlier referred to as Kodungkolur was still known as Vanji by it's old name during this same period, and the Thiruvanjaikkalam temple once stood within the inner city, and still stands even today guiding us on the former location of the Chera fortress within the city. <br />
<br />
In the early days the royal city was called the "Maa nagaram" and normally encompassed a vast area with a part of the royal city being within high walls of the fortress where the king, his ministers, officials and warriors lived, and was known as the "aha nagar (inner city)", and the part of this royal city outside the fortess walls where the other people lived was called as the "pura nagar (outer city)". <br />
<br />
Further Periyapuraanam very positively says the Kodungolur (Kodungallur) was the ancient city of MalaiNaadu where the Thiruvanjaikkalam temple existed, and was the ancient seat from where the kings of the Chera dynasty ruled. <br />
<br />
The long time misconception among Scholars, that the Vanji Nagar the capital of the Cheras where the Thiruvanjikkalam Siva temple too was situated, was the present Karuvur near Thirutchi in TamilNadu - is thus proved wrong by these references. <br />
<br />
Further from the Archaeological point of view, we find the above Thiruvanjikkalam Siva temple exists even today at the present Kodungallur region of Kerala under the same name, and there is a bronze statue of Nadarajar (the dancing form of God Siva) in this temple with an inscription on it referring to it as “Sabapathi of Thiruvanjikkulam” (Sabapathy – another name of God Siva). <br />
<br />
The site of the Palaces of the Chera king could have possibly been at a site known as “Cheraman Parambu” seen even today in the present Kodungallur very close to the present Thiruvanjikkalam Siva temple. This fact is also hinted by a reference in the Periyapuranam which states “without going to his large Palace with spires he went and entered Thiruvanjaikalam with his followers the Uhiyar (Chera king) of great virtue”. <br />
<br />
The Periyapuram describes the city of Kodungallur as follows.The gateway on the (fortress) wall of Kodungkolur with tall Gopurams (spires) touching the skys, palatial Residences, the cooling Roadways with trees, Ponds, tall Palaces of the king, dance stages and .????........................... <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…… valai kulamum thalikkulamum nallidai kulamumth Thirukkulaththodu Anjaikkalam……”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">6th thirumurai by Thirunaavkkarasar pathikam 71 verse 10</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".......Kodungkolur Anjaikkalam......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">6th Thirumurai - by Saint Thirunaavukkarasar, Thirusheththira kovai pathkam, verse 5</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"..thonmai malainaattu......Thiruvanjaikkalamum nilavi Cherar kulak ko veetrirunthu murai puriyum kulakko moothur Kodungkolur....."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, chapter 37, verse 1, 144</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"Kodungkolurin mathil vaayil ani kodiththu maruhil uduth thodung gopurangal, maalighaihal, sooli kulir chaalaihal thettri nedung ko nagarhal, adarangu nirantha manithamang kamuhu vidung kothai poonthamangal niraiththu vevveru alangaritthu...." <br />
<br />
"...ayil vel kula Maravar ventri nilavum silai veerar <br />
an nattau ullaar adaiya nirainthu anainthaar Vanji ahal nagar vaai...".</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, chaper 37, verse 46</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"Uthiyar Perumal perum chenai..........mathi thangiya manjam ani inji Vanji mani vaayilai anainthaar"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, chaper 72, verse 22</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"sikara nedumaaligai anaiyaar sentru Thiruvanjaikalaththu nikaril thondar thamaik kondu puhunthaar Uthiyar Nedunthahaiyar......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, chaper 37, verse 1, 144</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(21) The Chera king who embraced Islam</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
In the early seventh century a Chera king - by the name “Cheraman” was ruling from his capital city the Kodungallur. During this time a group of pilgrims from Arabia led by Zahiruddin Taqiyuddin, on their way on a visit to the Foot of Adam (on the Adams Peak mountain) in Sri Lanka landed at Kodungallur. They met this Chera king and explained to him about the great Prophet Muhammed. <br />
On the return of these Pilgrims from Sri Lanka through Kodungallur, the Chera king opted to go and meet the Prophet and accompanied them to Jeddah in Arabia. The king Cheraman met the Prophet Mohammad in A.D.617 and embraced Islam adopting the name Tajuddin. After some years in Arabia he wished to return to Kodungallur, but on his way he died at Shahar Muqalla (port of Zafar) in Yemen in A.D.622. <br />
There is a tradition that a follower of the Prophet’s teachings namely Malik Bin Dinar after the death of the Tajuddin - the converted Chera king, visited Kodungallur of Kerala (Chera country). He with the assistance of the new Chera king (name not known) ruling at Kodungallur built a mosque named “Cheraman Juma Masjid” in this region. It appears that the Cheraman Juma Masjid would have been constructed at a time between A.D.622 and A.D.701 the year Malik Bin Dinar left Kodungallur and set off to Arabia. <br />
Notes: <br />
From an early manuscript named Tarik Zuhar al Islam fil Malibar we note that it refers to a Kerala (Chera) king who embraced Islam, but doesnot give his name. <br />
A Malayalam chronicle named as Keralolpathi of the ‘seventeenth century’ is the only document which mentions the name of this Kerala (Chera) king coverted to Islam as Cheraman Perumal. However as many informations given in this chronicle has been disputed by the Kerala Historians and others as historically unreliable, based on the evidences from the other sources on Kerala history, can reject the statement in the Keralolpathi, that the name of the Chera king who embraced Islam was “Cheraman Perumal” - as incorrect. <br />
The only “Cheraman Perumal” we know of in the Kerala History, is the celeberated Tamil Saiva Saint Cheraman Perumal Nayanaar of the period A.D.820-844, whose composition of “Thiruvarur Mumanikkovai” - a Tamil Thiruppaadal composition on God Siva at Thiruvarur of Tamil Nadu, has been included in the 11th Thirumurai of the Tamil Saivites. Further the celeberated 12th Thirumurai namely the Periyapuranam glorifies him as Cheraman Perumal - a great Saivite Saint among the 63 - Tamil Saiva Saints, who along with the Tamil Saiva Saint Suntharamurthi Nayanaar died in Vanji Nagar (Kodungallur) in A.D.844. <br />
<br />
This historic event is also found portrayed in the Paintings of the medieval period in the great Chola temple at Thanjavur Tamil Nadu named as “Rajarajaeswarem” (Birahatheeswarem) temple. Further among the stone statues and the bronze Icons of the 63 - Tamil Saiva Saints found in many Siva Temples in Tamil Nadu and elseware, we also find the Cheraman Perumal (Nayanaar). Hence the name of the Chera king mentioned in the ‘Kerololpathi’ as “Cheraman Perumal” cannot be accepted. <br />
<br />
However it is quite possible as a Chera king he was referred to as the “Cheraman” meaning the Chera king in Tamil, but his actual name was not known. This is further strengthened by the fact the mosque built by Malik Bin Dinar was known from the earliest time only as “Cheraman Juma Masjid” and not as ‘Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid’. <br />
<br />
The above are confirmed by the following references: <br />
<br />
“….a group of pilgrims led by Zahiruddin b. Taqiyuddin, while going to visit the foot of Adam in Sri Lanka landed at Kodungallur and met the Chera king. The team explained to the king about Prophet Muhammad and his mission. They also told him about the miracles shown by the prophet including the splitting of the moon which was witnessed by the kind himself. The king was attracted to the faith and he told the team his desire to embrace Islam. When the team returned after their pilgrimage to the Foot of Adam, the king accompanied them to Arabia. The king met the prophet at Jeddah on Thursday 27th Shawwal, six yeas before Hijrah (617 A.D.). He embraced Islam and accepted the name Tajuddin ( the crown of the faith) . After remaining in Arabia for few years the king returned to Malabar, but on the way he died at Shahar Muqalla in Yemen on Monday Ist Muharram in the first year of Hijrah (622 A.D.) <br />
<br />
Tarikh Zuhur al Islam fil Malibar - Muhammad b. Malik. <br />
<br />
“……Perumal who had gone to Makkah as mentioned in “Keralolpathi” is Cheraman Perumal. The year of his departure mentioned in the work as 332 A.D. cannot be correct, since the preaching of Islam by prophet Muhammad started only after 600 A.D…..”. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.jaihoon.com/genesis-and-growth-of-the-mappila-community.htm" target="_blank">http://www.jaihoon.com/genesis-and-growth-of-the-mappila-community.htm</a> <br />
(Keralolpathi – translated by Herman Gundert, Balan publications, Trivandrum, 1961 (First Published in 1843) p. 32.) </span></span><br />
</div>Ilamuruganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16311706194380527105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3838316470284029548.post-53613271951891784252010-01-19T04:08:00.000-08:002010-01-19T04:08:31.304-08:00The great Significance of Kodungallur of Kerala : Part - 1<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The great Significance of Kodungallur of Kerala in the history of Kerala & Tamil Nadu : Part - 1</span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: green;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">A Prelude to the Research Article on Kodungallur</span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Kodungallur is a region in the southern tip of the present Thrissur district of Kerala State, South India - adjoining the Arabian sea. Today it remains a city of less commercial and industrial activities and modern buildings. However it has centres of religious worship, namely the Temples, Churches and Mosques. <br />
<br />
Kodungallur was also known as Cranganore during the English occupation of the region. It could be placed as the first region of Kerala "<span style="text-decoration: underline;">of much historical importance</span>", while Thiruvananthapuram the present capital of Kerala could only take the third place, while Kollam takes the second place. <br />
<br />
However due to less developments in this region, it has not attracted the attention of many Keralites who are still not aware of "<span style="text-decoration: underline;">the great historical significance of this region in Kerala history</span>". This could be the possible reason why the Kerala Map Printers too show the name of Kodungallur in tiny letters in their Kerala Maps, and in some Maps it is not shown at all. <br />
<br />
The objective of this Article is do give a deep insight into the actual history of Kodungallur hitherto not known to many, and to highlight the great significance of this region supported by evidences. </span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(1)</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> The two eras of Kerala History</span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The history of the present Kerala State - South India could be divided into two eras, one ranging from ancient times to the end of the twelth century (A.D.1200) and classified as the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Tamil Period of it's History</span>, and the other ranging from the beginning of the thirteenth century (A.D.1201) to this date and classified as the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Malayalam Period of it's History</span>.</span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(2)</span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> The traditional geographical boundries of Kerala</span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Kerala is the Sanskritised version of the Tamil "Chera", and the region of the Chera country had as it's boundries the "Kolikkodu" in the west, "Palani" in the north, "South Kaasi"(Ten Kasi) in the east, and the seafront in the south covering eighty Kavatham of land (Kavatham - a land measure).</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Note</span></span></span>:<span style="color: black;">The above is better understood, if taken as the Chera country encompassed within the outer boundries Kolikkodu, Palani, Ten Kasi and Sea (south beyond Kovalam).</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following reference</span>:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: indigo;">".....Vadakku thisai Palani vaan Keel Then Kaasi Kudakku thisai Kolikkodaam - Kadatkaraiyil <br />
oramo Thetkkahum ulla En Pathi Kavatham <br />
Chera Naatu ellai ena seppu....." </span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Perunthohai by M.Ragavaiyangar, Verse - 2091, Madurai Thamil Sangam Publication 1935 - 1936</span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(3) The Kings of early Kerala</span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> From the earliest known times the Kerala (Chera Nadu) situated on the eastern part of the South India was ruled by Tamil Hindu kings, and many Tamil Literary works of the early and medieval periods of both Kerala and Tamil Nadu refer to them as the Chera kings. <br />
<br />
The region of the former Chera country was encompassed within the present Kerala state, while the regions of the former Chola and Paandiya (Pandiya) Countries were encompassed within the present Tamil Nadu State, and were known in the early days as the “<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Muth Thamil Nadu</span>” (three Tamil Countries). <br />
<br />
These three Tamil countries from their early days had as their royal emblems the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Bow (Chera)</span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Fish (Paandiya)</span>, and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Tiger (Chola)</span> respectively in their flags.</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The above are confirmed by the following references</span></span>: </span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">"........vada thisai marungin mannarkku ellaam then Thamil Naattu chelu Vil, Kayal, Puli manthalai aetra varaiha eengu"......."</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Silappathikaaram - by Ilango Adihal, Vanji Kaandam, Kaatchi Kaathai U.V.Swaminatha Iyer edition</span></span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">".......mudi udai venthar moovarullum <br />
kudathisai aalum kotram kuntraa <br />
aaram maarpit Chera kulathu uthiththor....."</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Silappathikaaram - by Ilango Adihal, Vanji Kaandam - Katturai. U.V.Swaminatha Iyer edition</span></span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">(4) Earliest references to Kerala in early Indian Literature</span></span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The earliest known references to the Kerala (Chera Nadu) in the Indian Literature are found in the original Sanskrit epics - namely the Ramaayana of poet Vaalmihi, and the Mahaabhaaratha.of poet Viyaasar. <br />
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In Ramaayana it is noted Sukkrivan requesting Anuman to go in search of Sita in the countries in the southern region of India - among Kerala, Pundhara, Chola and Paandiya countries. <br />
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In Mahaabhaaratha we find Sanjayan while mentioning the countries in the south of India to king Thirutharastra, refers to Kerala along with Andhra, Karnataka and Chola. Mahaabhaaratha further states the Keralas along with the Pandiyas and Cholas fought on the side of the Paandavas in the Mahaabhaaratha war. <br />
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There are ‘many’ other references to Keralas in the Viyasa’s Mahaabhaaratha. (Refer to my thread titled “The references to Tamil dynasties and countries in the Mahaabhaaratha” in this same Website)</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: olive;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span> </span></span> <br />
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<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"...sarvam eve anupashyata tathaiva Aandhraan ca Pundran ca Colaan, Paandyaan, Keralaan....."</span> <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: indigo;">Ramayana - by Valmiki, Kishkinda Kanda,Volume 4, Chapter 41, Lines 12</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"……Sanjaya said, listen to me O king (Thiratharastra).......to the names of the provinces as I mention them. They are.......the Keralas......the Andhras......" <br />
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".....There are other kingdoms O bull of Bharatha's race, in the south. They are the Dravidas, the Keralas......the Karanatakas......the Cholas......"</span></span> <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: indigo;">Mahabharatha – by Viyasa, Bhisma Parva, Page 21& 22</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"........When that host was being thus struck and slain by heroic warriors, the Parthas headed by Vrikodara advance against us. They consisted of Dhrishtayumna and Sikhandin, and the five sons of Draupadi, and the Prabhadrakes, and Satyaki, and Chekitana with the Dravida forces, and the Pandyas, the Cholas, and the Keralas, surrounded by a mighty array,......".</span></span> <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="color: indigo;">Mahabharatha – by Viyasa, Karna Parva, Page 25.</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(5) The Confederacy of the Kerala (Chera), Chola, and Paandiya (Pandiya)</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: black;">In South India there has been a confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms (Tamira Countries) of Chera, Chola, and Paandiya (Muth Tamil Nadu), to jointly prevent the kings of the north and central India from invading their countries. This confederacy that existed for 113 years from B.C.283 was broken by king Karavela of Kalinga in the year B.C.170, which was a potential threat to his own kingdom. <br />
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The Tamil kingdoms of Chera, Chola and Paandiya of that period ensured the unity of the southern Tamil Nadu of that period, even at the times of their individual invasions of the northern Ariyan kings. The Ariyan kings too recognised the unity and the strength of the Tamil kings and have referred to them as the kings of the Tamil Nadu in the south, who have carved their royal emblems the Bow, Tiger and Fish individually on the mountain range of the Himalayas, at different times. <br />
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The Kerala kings too in their North Indian expeditions considered it as a great pride to have carved their emblem the Bow on the Himalayas, and also having seen the Thamilakam (Chera, Chola & Paandiya) of that period bound by sea all round, stressing on their unity. <br />
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This confederacy of the three southern Tamil kingdoms the Kerala (Chera), Chola and Paandiya, prevented the Maurya Emperor Asoka too from conquereing their countries in Southern India. This could have been the reason why when his domains extended as far as Mysore, he has referred in his Second Rock Edict that the Kerala (Chera), Chola, and Paandiya countries as being beyond his domains. However King Asoka was successful in penetrating the three Tamil countries as far as Taamiraparni river in south Paandiya Nadu, with his Buddhist Dhamma religious mission. <br />
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In the above edict the Keralas are mentioned as the Keralaputras, that is the Putras of Kerala, meaning the sons of the soil of Kerala. From the above it is very clear that the Keralas were known to the people of North India also during the period of the Maurya Emperor Asoka, who ruled the Magadha kingdom from B.C.273 - 236. <br />
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The Fourteenth Edict of Asokan period has only mentioned of the Cholas and Paandiyas, but it is already clear that they knew of the kingdom of Kerala in the South India as seen from the Second Edict.</span> <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: olive;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"............vada Aariyar padai kadanththu <br />
then Thamil Naadu orungu kaana........"</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Silappathikaaram - by Ilango Adihal, Mathurai Kaandam, Katturai kaathai <br />
U.V.Swaminatha Iyer edition</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…….then Thamil Nadu aalum venthar seruveatu puhantru elunthu min thavalum ImayaNetriyil vilangu vil, puli, kayal poriththa naal empolum mudi mannar eengu illlai polum</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Silappathikaaram - by Ilango Adihal, Mathurai Kaandam, Katturai kaathai <br />
U.V.Swaminatha Iyer edition</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"…..Imayam vitporith imil kadal velith thamilakam vilanga…."</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pathirtrupaththu - 2nd Patthu - by Kumatoor Kannanaar, U.V.Saminatha Iyer edition.</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"....Every where within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as Taamraparni, and where the Greek king Antiochos rules,....." <br />
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"......Now it is conquest by Dhamma that Beloved-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. And it has been won here, on the borders, even six hundred yojanas away, where the Greek king Antiochos rules, beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonos, Magas and Alexander rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Taamraparni. Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dhamma......"</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Edicts of Asoka - an English rendering by Ven Dhammika, published by Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka - 1994 (Net Edition)</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">(L.11) ".......and (he) thoroughly breaks up the confederacy of the T[r]amira (Dramira) countries of one hundred and thirteen years, which has been a source of danger to (his) Country (Janapada)....."</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela of Kalinga (B.C.170) <br />
Epigraphia Indica - Vol. XX, 86-89.</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(6) The Rivers flowing in the close vicinity of Kodungallur of Kerala (Chera)</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: black;">Among all the rivers flowing across Kerala, the longest river is the present Periyar river, flowing in to the Kodungallur Lagoon (Lagoon - a lake fed by sea water). The present Periyar of Kerala was originally known as the Periyaaru meaning the big river (in Tamil). However it's original name was not merely Periyaaru, but was known as the "Chulliyam Periyaaru" of Cheras. <br />
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We see many references to different rivers in India with such name combinations namely as Gangai Periyaaru, Kaviri Periyaaru, Pennai Periyaaru, Vaikai Periyaaru etc. Hence from the foregoing it is clear the Periyaaru has been used in the sense of "Periya Aaru" (in Tamil) meaning the big River, with their actual names prefixed to the term Periyaaru. Hence it is clear that "Chulliyam" was the original name of the Periyaaru of Kerala, which the poet states belonged to the Chera kings (Cheralar). <br />
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Also there is another river named Pullut Phuza (Pullut River) which flows from the north of Kerala passing adjacent to the present Kodungallur region - the former Vanchi nagar, and then turns around this region to the west and falls into the same Kodungallur Lagoon. The Pullut Phuza (Phuza in Malayalam = River) was the former Aan Porunai River(in Tamil) mentioned in many Tamil Literary works of the early period, and positively confirmed by Silappathikaaram as surrounding the Vanji Nagar of Cheras, and is of much importance in the study of Kerala (Chera) history. <br />
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There is the third river named Chalakkudi which joins with Periyar near present Chowkakadavu and then falls into the Kodungallur Lagoon. From the Kodungallur Lagoon the confluence of these three rivers falls into the nearby sea at the present Alikode (Aalikkodu), the former region of the famed seaport city of Musiri.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: black;">In Ahananooru the rivers Chulliyam, Kaviri, Pennai of South India, and Ganga of North India are referred to as Periyaaru.</span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"....Cheralar Chulliam Periyaartru vennurai kalanga.......................................................valam elu Musiri"</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahananooru - chapter 7, verse 149</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..Kadatkarai melikkum Kaviri Periyaaru….:”</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahananooru - verse 126</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……kadum punal malintha Kaviri Periyaatru……”</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru – verse 62</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..Pennai am Periyaartru……” </span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru – verse 35</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: black;">In Silappathikaaram the rivers Vaihai of south India, and Ganga of north India are referred to as Periyaaru <br />
</span> <br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..Vaihai Periyaaru valamsuranthu ootalum….”</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaaram, Katturai Kaathai, line 208</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……kadun punal Gangai Periyaatru ventroi……”</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaaram, Nadukal Kaathai, line 121</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".......vaali varu punal neer Aan Porunai sool <br />
tharum Vanjiyar komaan than thol kulame...."</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaarem – Vaalthukaathai – 14</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(7) The Musiri the earliest known seaport city of Kerala near Kodungallur</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: black;">The Musiri is the earliest known seaport city of the Kerala (Chera Kothai) kings at the estuary of the confluence of three rivers, at the present Alikode in west Kerala adjacent to the sea. <br />
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The scenic description of the Musiri port is described in the contemporary period Tamil Literary work Puranaanooru as follows:</span> : <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..With the fish piled up and the paddy heaped within the elevated house of boats (ambi) with the pepper bags (too) within this house (outer) fortification, brought the load to the shore of the sea where the seaport Musiri was situated possibly along the rivers (undoubtedly along Aan Porunai, Chulliam Periyaaru, and Chalakkudi), (where) the ships with gifts of gold (too) brought to shore by small ships (thoni) – (thus) the products of hills and the seas unloaded and distributed to those who came there (for trading) was the Kuttuvan’s Musiri (port) with noise of the roaring sea…..”.</span></span> <br />
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The Greeks and the Romans with the discovery of the favourable wind named "Hippalus" (in A.D.47), travelled to the nearest seaport of India namely the Musiri in much quicker time of forty days from the Ocelis port of Arabia. <br />
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The first known reference to Musiri from the external sources comes from the Roman Historian named Pliny in A.D.77, who refers that: <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">"....Musiri as a seat of goverment under the rule of Chera kings was a seaport city at the height of prosperity frequented by ships and was of leading importance. Muziris of the Cheras abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia and of Greeks. From the Tamil historical sources we note this king was the Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan (A.D.74 - 132)....."</span></span> <br />
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Further reference to Muziris is made in A.D.100 by a Greek historian named Periplus who states: <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">“….Musiri was not a desirable place of call, with pirates being in the neighbourhood who occupied a place called Nitrias (the Naruvu as known to Tamils north of Musiri occupied by Kadambar) and besides it is not well supplied with wares for traffic. Ships besides anchor at a great distance from the shore and cargoes have to be landed and shipped by employing boats. During this time the Caelobothras (Keralaputhra) was the sovereign of that country…..” </span></span> <br />
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The Musiri being the seaport city of the Chera kingdom is also confirmed by Ptolemy in the year A.D.150. He refers to: <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"> <span style="font-style: italic;">".....Musiri Emporium as a sea port city that was ruled at that time by Kerobothras....." </span></span> <br />
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which is a corruption of Cheraputhras or Keralaputhras, as found in the Asokan Inscriptions, meaning the people of Kerala (Chera) country. <br />
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Further from the Ptolemy's geographical cordinates it is clear that the Muziris emporium a seaport city was situated immediately north and at the mouth of the Pseudostomos river, identified as the "specific reference" to the "AanPorunai river" (present Pullut river), entering the sea as a confluence of three rivers the other two being the Periyar and the Chalakkudi rivers. <br />
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Hence the sea port city of the Chera Naadu of the first and second century A.D. known as Musiri could be very positively located at the river (mouth) estuary of the confluence of these three rivers the principal river among them being the Periyar river, where they meet the sea around the present Alikode region near the Kodungallur. <br />
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<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"….Kothai Musiriyar Koman....."</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Muththolaayiram – section 3 (on Cheras), verse 116</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..Meen noduththu nelkuvai yi <br />
misai ambiyin manai marukkunthu <br />
manaikkuvai iya kari moodaiyal <br />
kali summaiya karai kalak kurunthu <br />
kalam thantha pot parisam <br />
kalithoniyaan, karaiserkunthu <br />
malai thaaramum kadal thaaramum <br />
thalai peithu, varunarkku eeyum <br />
punal am kallin polanthaar Kuttuvan <br />
mulanghu kadal mulavin Musiri anna....."</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Puranaanooru – verse 343</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"....the voyage from Syagrus a cape in Arabia reckoned at 1335 miles, can be performed by aid of the west wind which is there called "Hippalus".....To those who are bound for India, Ocelis is the best place for embarkation. If the wind called Hippalus be blowing Muziris the nearest mart of India can be reached in forty days. It is not a desirable place of call, pirates being in the neighbourhood who occupied a place called Nitrias, and besides it is not well supplied with wares for traffic. Ships besides anchor at a great distance from the shore and cargoes have to be landed and shipped by employing boats. At the time I was writing this Caelobothras was the sovereign of that country......"</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ancient India as described in Classical Literatue - translated by J.W. M'Crindle - page 111-112 (Natural History by Pliny (A.D.77), Vol 6, chapter on Geography of India</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"....Then follow Naura and Tyndis the first marts of Limyrike, and after these Muziris and Nelcynda the seats of Goverment. To the kingdom under the sway of Ceprobotras, Tyndis is subject, a village of great note situate near the sea. Muziris which pertains to the same realm is a city at the height of prosperity, frequented as it is by ships. It lies near a river at a distance from Tyndis of 500 stadia whether measured from river to river or by the length of the sea voyage and it is 20 stadia distant from the mouth of its own river. The distance of Nelcynda from Muziris is also nearly 500 stadia whether measured from river to river or by sea voyage but it belongs to Pandion......."</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Periplus Maris Erythraei - translated from Greek by J.W M'Crindle (extracted from Classical Accounts of India by R.C, Majumdar, Page 305)</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......Then comes Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of Damirica, and then Muziris and Nelcynda which are now of leading importance. Tyndis is of the kingdom of Cerobothra, it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris of the same kingdom abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia and by the Greeks. It is located on a river distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore 20 stadia. Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea five hundred stadia and is of another kingdom Pandian......" <br />
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Mouziris, an emporium ...................................117 deg 14 deg <br />
Mouth of the river Pseudostomos.....................117 deg 20 min 14 deg</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea - translated from Greek by Wilfred H Schoff, page 44</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(8) Subsequent invasion of Musiri by the Pandiyan king Cheliyan</span></span></span> <br />
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From a poem in the Tamil Literary work “Ahanaanooru” we also come to know: <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".....that the Pandiyan Cheliyan once raided the ancient estuary (of Periyar) at Musiri (seaport city), where the warlike Cheliyan (Pandiyan king) with tall strong elephant surrounded (the city) to the shock (of the inhabitants) raided in severe battle, and took (to himself) the statue......."</span></span> <br />
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Among two other poems from “Ahanaanooru”, one confirms that the Pandiyan (king) Cheliyan raided the city of Musiri at the estuary (Musiri munthurai), while the other refers he having won the Cheral (possibly ruling Musiri), and in both the Cheliyan has been referred to as having <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“koi suvar puravi kodi ther”</span></span> <span style="color: black;"> meaning the ‘Cheliyan with chariot having horses of trimmed mane and flag’. Hence the the Pandiyan king Cheliyan was no other than the</span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“Thalai Alanganaththu seru ventra Cheliyan”</span></span> as seen in one of the latter two poems of Ahanaanooru. <br />
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It is noted that there is no reference in these poems to him capturing the Karur or Vanji in the same raid, being the capital city of the Chera kings. This indicates the purpose of the raid by Pandiyan Cheliyan was to <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">‘secure to himself a Statue’("padimam vaviya")</span></span> from the seaport city of Musiri, that has been of much value and importance to him. <br />
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At the time of this raid the Kadamba king (known for their pirate activities) named Erumaiyooran ruled from Naravu north of Musiri. <br />
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<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">This above are confirmed by the following references</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"........valam elu Musiri arrpu ela valaiyee <br />
arum samam kadanthu padimam vaviya <br />
nedu nal yanai adu por Cheliyan......"</span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahananooru - chapter 7, verse 148</span></span></span> <br />
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<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......koi suvat puravi kodit ther Cheliyan <br />
muthu neer mun thurai Musiri muttri.... <br />
kaliru pada erukkiya kallen gnatpin <br />
arumpunn urunarin varunthinal...."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru - verse 57</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……ko isuvar puravi kodither Cheliyan <br />
Alanganaththu ahan thalai sivappa, <br />
Cheral, Sembiyan, ………………….. <br />
…….Naar ari Naravin Erumaiyooran <br />
……………………………………entru <br />
Eluvar nal valam adanga oru pakal <br />
Murasai yodu venkudai ahappaduththu……..”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru - verse 36</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(9) The Karuvur the earliest known inland capital city of Kerala near Kodungallur</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">The inland capital of the earliest known Kerala (Chera) kings was the Karuvur also known as Karur. (The latter is also spelt as Karoor with the same pronounciation). This capital city was located at the present Karuvapadna, a little distance north from the Kodungallur Lagoon along the present Pullut river (former Aan Porunai river) and on the right side of it near the present Vallivattom bridge. <br />
<br />
It is clearly evident that the present Karuvapadna and the region surrounding same were the former Karuvur Pattinam of the Cheras, which is confirmed by the very fact the regions in and around Karuvapadna are known even today as Karoor Paadam, Karoorpadna junction, Karoorpadna Kulam etc. This was undoubtedly the ancient Karur City, and is confirmed in the above reference that it was the royal seat meaning the capital city of the Kerobothras (the Keralas or Cheras). <br />
<br />
It is also shown in the Ptolemy's map that it was located a little interior but not far from Musiri, and on the right side of the river Pseudostomos river. Further we are aware that all three rivers namely the Periyar, the Chalakudi, and the Pullut river that meets at the Kodungallur Lagoon and falling into the sea, are not shown in Ptolemy's map. Only one river is shown in same, and is also mentioned that the Karoura - the royal seat of Kerobothras was on its right side adjacent to it. <br />
<br />
From the above geographical locations as shown in the Ptolemy's map, it is clear that the river shown in his map is no other than the "Aan Porunai river" the present Pulut Puzha (not the river Periyaru or the river Chalakudi), which flows adjacent to and on the right side of the present Kodungallur (the region of Vanji Nagar - the later capital of Cheras), and a little distance upstream in the northernly direction it is seen that the “Aan Porunai river” flows adjacent to and on the left side of the present Karuvapadna the region of Karuvur - the former capital of Cheras. The Ptolemy’s map refers to it as </span><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“Carura Regia Cerobothri”</span></span> - <span style="color: black;">the Karur kingdom of Cheras. This reference of Ptolemy on Karuvur, is the first evidence available to us presently in any historical or literary documents of that period, as being the captal city of Cheras. <br />
<br />
From a reference from the Tamil Literary work Ahanaanooru it is noted that Karuvur was adjacent to the Aan Porunai River. Karuvur served as the earlier interior capital of Cheras, while Musiri remained the seaport capital during this period. <br />
<br />
The Ships coming to then Chera Nadu from foreign countries anchored at Musiri harbour the first known seaport city of Cheras which stretched from the seafront near present Alikode upto the of Kodungallur Lagoon. Just little beyond on the north-east of this lagoon along the Pullut River (Aan Porunai river) was the region known as the “Karuvur Munthurai” (Mun Thurai = Harbour Front : Harbour is a section of a river or sea opposite a landmass region used for parking or harbouring - small boats and Thonis or large ships, and Kalangal) which is referred to in the Ahanaanooru as:</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"….more than the sand (crystals) on the high bunds of clear water Aan Porunai river at the Harbour front of the prosperous and wonderous large city of Karuvur of the Kothai (Chera) king, with the strong elephant and tall Chariot….."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">From further references in Silappathikaarem and Ahanaanooru too, we note the term “Munthurai” is used to mean the “harbour front”. The harbour front of Kaviri river - refers to Poompuhar or Kaviripoompattinam the seaport city of Cholas, the “harbour front” at Kotkai - refers to the Kotkai seaport city of Pandiyas, harbour front at Musiri - refers to the Musiri seaport city of Cheras (Keralas). <br />
<br />
Hence it is clear that there was also a “harbour front” opposite Karuvur near the present Vallivattom bridge just beyond the Kodungaloor lagoon along the Pullut River the former Aan Porunai river, up to which it was navigable for small boats and ships, with goods from Musiri port to the interior capital the Karuvur. <br />
<br />
From the Tamil Literary work “Ahanaanooru” we note the earliest Chera king who rose on the throne of Karuvur and ruled Chera Nadu was Koperum Cheral Irumporai.</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Important Note</span></span> :</span> <span style="color: black;"> The present Karuvur region near Thirutchiraappalli in TamilNadu, was one of the earliest capital city of the Cholas long before Uraiyur. Some of the Chera kings who became powerfull during the early and medieval periods, also captured this Karuvur city from the Cholas and ruled over same (leaving some inscriptions on their endowments made during that time to the temples in this region), but many times lost same back to Cholas. The Karuvur or Karur of Cheras and that of Cholas are two different entities. <br />
<br />
From the early Tamil Literary Work named "Palamoli Naanooru" we note that the Ministers after the death of the Chola king at Karuvur met at a region known as Kalumalam and gave a (trained) Elephant with a garland and instigated it to select by garlanding the next successor to the Chola throne. Accordingly the Elephant went to the city of Karuvur and garlanded on the very young Karikatcholan who was accepted and crowned as the next Chola king at Karuvur, This traditional story is referred to in Palamoli Naanooru as follows. <br />
<br />
Further in the Periyapuraanam in the chapter on Puhal Chola Naayanaar a reference again confirms beyond doubt the Karuvur at Thirutchirapalli district was the early traditional capital of the Cholas and not that of Cheras <br />
<br />
In the above ‘further evidence’ is thrown to prove that Karuvur at present Thirutchi was the the ancient capital of Cholas and not of Cheras by the mere fact the king of the “kuda pulam” the Cherar brought tributaries to the Chola at Karuvur a procession of tall elephants. </span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">The Ptolemy's geography states that among the inland cities of Limryke was the :</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Karoura the royal seat of Kerobothras.......... 119 deg 16 deg 20 min</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ancient India as described by Ptolemy - translated by John W McCrindle</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".....Cheraman Karuvur eariya ol vaarl Koperung Cheral Irumporai......."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Puranaanooru - verse 5</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“….kadum pahattu yanai nedunther Kothai <br />
Thiru ma viyan nagar Karuvur mun thurai <br />
then neer uyar karai kuvai iya <br />
than Aan Porunai manalinum palave….."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru - Verse 93</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..Muthu neerk kaviri munthurai padutthal …..”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaarem – Vanji Kaandam, kaatchikkaathai lines 23-24</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..ivar thirai thantha eerngkathir muththam <br />
kavar nadai puravikaal vaduththa pukkum <br />
nal ther Valuthi Kotkai munthurai......”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru – verse 130</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..muthu neer munthurai Musiri…”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru – verse 57</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…….venthirai parappin Thondi munthurai……"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru – verse 290</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……Kalumalaththil yaaththa kalirum Karuvur <br />
vilumiyon met sentru…..”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Palamoli Naanooru – A Jain Poet, Verse 89</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……Senni Nee Anapaayan thirukkulaththu vali muthaloar Ponni nathi puravalanaar Puhal Cholar ena polivaar………kongarodu kudapulaththu komannar thirai konarath thangal kula muthat thani nagaram Karuvur-il……kudapula mannavar konarntha oli nedung kalitrin ani….”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Periyapuranam by Seikeelaar, chaper 41, verses 8,11,13</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(10) The change of capital city from Karuvur to Vanji</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">The Karuvur didnot last too long as the interior capital city of the Chera Country, possibly because of the geographical location of same. When we have a close look at the present Karuvapadna - north of Kodungallur, we note many water inroads in the region of the main city. This was possibly caused by the flooding of Karuvur “harbour front” region by the waters of Aan Porunai River (Pullut River) during monsoon times, and having more water inroads geographically and making the city more vulnerable, found it necessary for the Cheras to shift their capital city to a more habitable land area on the left side of the Aan Porunai River, but keeping in the close proximity to their seaport city the Musiri, and this region was named as the Vanji Nagar which became the subsequent interior capital city of the Cheras possibly from the first century B.C. <br />
<br />
Karuvur and Vanji were not the exactly the same location, but a little distant apart and both being at different locations on either side of the Aan Porunai river (Pullut river) as noted from Ahanaanooru and Silappathikaram. <br />
<br />
However the distance being not too far apart from each other made the poets who composed the Tamil Nihandus (ancient Tamil dictionaries) namely the Chudamani Nihandu, Pingala Nihandu etc to mention in their compositions that Karuvur and Vanji are the same. <br />
<br />
The Tamil Literary Work Puraranaannoru states the Vanji Nagar city walls was adjacent to the river Aan Porunai (present Pullut river) the waves of which were striking this wall. The Tamil works such Sirrupaanaartrupadai, Silapathikaaram, Puranaanooru confirms the river Aan Porunai was flowing sourrounding by the side of Vanji Nagar. The Cheras were also known as Kuda Naadaan and Vanjikomaan and Kothai kings.</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"........Selvak Kadungo Vaaliyaathan <br />
ennaath thevvar uyarkudai paniththu ivan <br />
viduvar maatho nedithe ni....... <br />
pul elai Vanji pura mathil alaikkum <br />
kal en Porunai malinum aangkan <br />
pal uur sutriya kalani <br />
ellam vilaiyum nellinum palave....."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Puranaanooru - verse 387</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".....Kuda naadan Vanjikkomaan......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Muththolayiram - Verse – 23</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......oliru vel Kothai oambi kaakum <br />
Vanji anna en vala nagar vilanga...."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru - Verse 263</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".....kuda pulam kavalar marumaan onnaar <br />
vada pula imayaththu vaangu vit poriththa <br />
veluvu ural thinikoal iyat ther Kuttuvan <br />
varu punal vayil Vanjiyum varithe......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sirupaanaatrupadai</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".......vaali varu punal neer Aan Porunai sool <br />
tharum Vanjiyar komaan than thol kulame...."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikarem – Vaalthukaathai – 14</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"....than Porunai punal paayum <br />
vin poru pukal viral Vanji...."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Puranaanooru - Verse 11</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".....than Aan Porunai ven manal chithaiya <br />
aram sei avvai...."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Puranaanooru - Verse 36</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">" ......poova Vanji pon nagar puraththena......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaaram</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"......Imayam suttiya eama vitpori <br />
maan vinai nedun ther Vaanavan tholaiya <br />
vaada Vanji vaattum nin <br />
peedu elu noan thaan padung kaale....."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Puranaanooru - Verse 39</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">(11) The first Kerala (Chera) Tamil empire of the first century A.D.</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;">The greatest among the Kerala (Chera) kings throughout the Tamil and Malayalam periods of the Kerala History was the Tamil Chera king</span> <span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Imayavaramban Nedun Cheralathan</span></span>, <span style="color: black;">and his son </span><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cheran Chenguttuvan. <br />
<br />
Imayavramban Nedun Cheralathan</span></span> <span style="color: black;"> was the Tamil Chera king who ruled from Vanji Nager (Kodungallur) during the period A.D.74 -132. He was the son of the Chera king Uthiyan Cheralathan and Queen Nallini daughter of the Kerala chieften Veliyan Venmaal. He ruled for 58 years. <br />
<br />
He became very powerful and went on a expedition towards north of India and defeated and won over many Aryan kings in the central and northern India, and carved the Chera royal emblem the “bow” on the Himalayan mountain. He also turned his attention on the Indo-Greek king (Yavanar) ruling in then Bactria - a region now covered within the present Pakistan, captured the king and on he agreeing to pay tributes handed his kingdom back to him, and returned back to his kingdom with tributes of diamonds and other valuables from this king. <br />
<br />
However he maintained good relations with the other Tamil kingdoms of then South India, namely the Cholas and the Pandiyas. His authority extended over many kingdoms between the Himalayas up to Kanyakumari down south and thus he could be classified as the emperor of the first Kerala (Chera) empire. <br />
<br />
Imayavaramban Nedun Cheralathan was succeeded by his able son </span><span style="color: indigo;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cheran Senguttuvan</span></span> <span style="color: black;">on the Chera throne inheriting the vast empire from his father, and ruled from the Vanji Nagar during the period A.D.132 -187. He was the son of the Chera king Nedun Cheralathan and Queen Manakkilli the daughter of the Chola king Nedumudikkilli ruling Chola Nadu from Kaviripoompattinam (Poompuhar). <br />
<br />
Cheran Chenguttuvan in a battle at Kongu Nadu was assisted by the forces of the Cholas and Pandiyas. He ruled for 55 years. He had a younger brother who abdicated being the Chera prince, and became a Jain Monk and lived in Kunavaayil Kottam the temple at the eastern entrance of the Vanji Nagar. <br />
<br />
With the death of his father Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan in A.D.132 he set out on an expedition towards North India with his mother Manakkilli to enable her perform the religious rights to her husband and have a holy bath at the river Ganges. On his way to North India he had to meet the stiff resistance from some of the north Indian kings before he reached the Ganges river, eventhough his father defeated these kings earlier and exacted tributes from them. He thus again defeated the Konkans, Kalingas, Karnatakas, Bangalas, Gangas, the Katiyas with the Aryans of the North, who obstructed his Gangetic expedition. <br />
<br />
The greatness of these two kings namely the father and the son can be seen from the following references in the great Tamil Literary Works of the contemperary period.</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“.....singing the glory of the king who ruled the country of the Yavanas of hard words, the solid big stone (Himalayan mountain) and the southern Kumari, the one who protects the fame of the countries of Bow, Kayal Fish and Tiger (emblems of the Chera, Chola and Pandiyas)….” <br />
<br />
“…..Should this be your effort to make all the lands within the seas from all sides of India to be the Tamil Nadu then there is no one to oppose you……” <br />
<br />
"......he conquered the Ariyan kings shouting (in fear) and carved the bow (emblem) on the ancient northern mountain range (Himalayas) and captured the fierce kings, (later) released the Aryan kings from their captivity (was) the son given birth by Manakkilli (daughter) of the Chola king, by the the king of Kuda Nadu the Neduncheralathan with victorius flag praised by the Northerners, went through the jungles fast like the arrow for want of stone for carving the statue of Goddess Paththini defeated the chief of the Ariya kings who obstructed and reached the Gangai with noisy tributaries…” <br />
<br />
".....the Cheralathan who reigned the world with one rule (from) the Kumari (Kanyakumari) to the northern Himalayas, (by) the daughter of the Chola of shining Solar race who gave birth to the son who, won the Kongu king at the redish battle field, and who went to the shores of the great river Gangai......" <br />
<br />
"......the kings within the range of mountains with of granite stone where the God resides as the northern boundry the Himalayas, and the southern Kumari rose with war drums having big battles, defeated the countries of different languages of their ancient beauty and with warriors of fighting fit thy Kuttuva......" <br />
<br />
".......though ruled the prosperous land of the Yavanas (Indo Greeks) of hard words, and the mountain range of golden shine (Himalayas)......."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: olive;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">The above are confirmed by the following references:</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkred;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Imayavramban NedunCheralathan</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"Manniya perum puhal maruvil vaaimoli <br />
innisai murasin Uthiyan Cherarkku <br />
Veliyan vernmarn Nallini eendra mahan <br />
amai varal aruvi Imayam vitpori <br />
imil kadal velith thamilakam vilanga <br />
than koan neeri ith thahai saal sirappodu <br />
per esai marabin Ariyar vankki <br />
nayanil vansol Yavanar piniththu <br />
neithalai peithu kai pitkolee <br />
aru vilai nan kalam vayiramodu kondu <br />
peruviran moothur thanthu pirarkku uthavi <br />
amaiyar theiththa vanangu kudai nontraan"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Pathitruppatthu - Irrandaam Paththu - Pathikam- line 1-12</span>[/b]</span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…….Ariyar thuvantriya perisai imayam <br />
thennang Kumariyodu aayidai manmeek koorunar marantha pakkadanthe……”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Pathitruppatthu - Irrandaam Paththu - line 23-25</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..iru munthneer thuruththiyul <br />
muraniyor thalai sentru kadambu muthal thadintha <br />
kadunj chinam munpin Nedun Cheralathan…..”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Pathitruppatthu - Irrandaam Paththu - 19 line 2-5</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……Ariyar alara thaakki perisai thontru muthir vadavarai vanangu vit poriththu venchina ventharai piniththon…..”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru – verse 396</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……Munneer oatti kadambu erinthu Imayaththu munnoar marula vanangu vit poriththu…..”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru – verse 127</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……Cheralathan maal kadal oatti kadambu arutthu iyattriya pan amai murasin kan athirnh anna…...”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru – verse 347</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……valam padu murasin Cheralathan <br />
munneer oatti kadambu aruththu Imayaththu <br />
munoar marula vanangu vil poriththu <br />
nal nagar Maranthai muttraththu onnaar <br />
pani thirai thantha paadu saal nankalam <br />
pon sei paavai vayiramodu aambal <br />
ontruvaai niraiya kuvai yi antru avan <br />
nilam thinath thurantha nithiyaththu anna….”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……kallaa malavar vil idam thali yi <br />
varunar paarkkum veru varu kavalai <br />
moli peyar theeththar aayinum <br />
palitheer kaathalar sentra naade…..”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Ahanaanooru – verse 127</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"van sol Yavanar vala naadu van perum kal <br />
then Kumari aanda seru Vil, Kayal, puliyan <br />
manpathai kaakkum koman, mannan thiram paadi"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal, Vanji Kandam, Vaalththu Kaathai, verse 25</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"Kumariyodu vada Imayaththu oru moli vaiththu <br />
ulaku aanda Cheralatharkku...."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal, Vanji Kandam, Vaalththu Kaathai, verse 1</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“Emnaattu aang kan Imayavarambanin <br />
Nal naal seitha naalani velviyil vantheeka entru vanangi veanda”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal.</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkred;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cheran Chenguttuvan</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…Vadavar utkum vaalthoi velkodi <br />
Kudavar Komaan Neduncheralaathatku <br />
Cholan Manakkilli eentra mahan <br />
Kadavul Paththini Katkol vendi <br />
Kaana vil kaanam kanaiyin pohi <br />
Arya annalai veetip perisai <br />
Inpal aruvi gangai manni………”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“….Kadat pirakoattiya Chenguttuvan…..”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Pathitruppatthu - iynthaam Paththu - Pathikam- line 1-10 & 22</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…….Kadavul nilaya kal oangu neduvarai <br />
Vada thisai ellai imayamaaha <br />
Thennam kumariyodu ayidai arasar <br />
Murasudai perum samam thjathaiya aarpu ela <br />
Sol pala naattai thol kavin aliththa <br />
Poraadu thaanai polanthaar Kuttuva…….”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Pathitruppatthu - iynthaam Paththu - Pathikam- 43 line 6-11</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……ma neer Kadambu erinthu Imayaththu <br />
Vaanaver marula malai vil pottiya <br />
Vaanavar thontral, vai vaal Kothai……"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal, Vanji kaandam, Kaatchi Kaathai, line 1-</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“……numpol venthar numodu ihali <br />
Kongar seng kalaththu koduvari kayal kodi <br />
Pahai purathu thanthanar ayinum aangu avai <br />
Thisaimuha velaththin seviyaham pukkana <br />
Konganar, Kalingar, kodum Karunadar, <br />
Bangalar, Kangar, palvel Kattiyar <br />
vada Ariyarodu van thamil mayakkaththu un <br />
kadamalai vettam en kanpulam piriyaathu <br />
Gangai peryattru kadumpunal niththam <br />
em komahalai aattiya an naal <br />
Ariya mannar eer-iynooruvarkku <br />
Oru nee ahiya seru vemkolam <br />
Kan viliththu kandathu kadungkan kootram <br />
Imil kadal veliyai Thamilnaadu aakkiya <br />
Ithu nee karuthinai ayin eatpavar <br />
Muthneer ukahin muluvathum illai <br />
Vadathisai marungin mannarkku ellaam <br />
Then Thamil naathu seluvil Kayal, Puli, <br />
Manthalai eatrtra varaiha eengu ena…..”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal, Vanji kaandam, Kaatchi Kaathai, line 151-172</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“…..vil thalai konda viyanper imayaththu oar <br />
kal kondu peyarum em kavalan aathalin <br />
vada thisai marungin mannar ellaam <br />
edu thirai kodu vanthu ethireer aayin <br />
kadal kadambu erintha kadum poar vaarththaiyum <br />
vidar chilai poriththa viyan peru vaarththaiyum <br />
keatu vaalumin keleer aayin <br />
thoal thunai thurakkum thuravodu vaalumin…….”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal, Vanji kaandam, Kaatchi Kaathai, line 183-190</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“….vansol yavanar vala nadu aandu <br />
ponpadu neduvarai puhunthon ayinum….”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal, Vanji kaandam, Kaatchi Kaathai, line 141-142</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“selavam nillaathu enpathai velpoar <br />
than Thamil ehalnththa Ariya mannarin <br />
kandanai allayo kaval venthe….”</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal, Vanji kaandam, Kaatchi Kaathai, line 152-55</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“………Ariya arasarai arum sirai neekki……"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal, Vanji kaandam, Nadukal Kaathai, line 195</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">"Kumariyodu vada Imayaththu oru moli vaiththu <br />
ulaku aanda Cheralatharkku thihal oli <br />
gnayittru Cholan mahal eendra mayinthan <br />
Kongar sengkalam verttu <br />
Gangai peryartru karai pohiya <br />
Chenguttuvan…."</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silappathikaram - by Ilango Adigal, Vanji Kandam, Vaalththu Kaathai, verse 1</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-style: italic;">".....vadapula Imayaththu vaanguvill poriththa <br />
elu ural thini thoal iyal ther Kuttuvan......"</span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Paththuppaattu - Sirupaanaattrupadai by Naththathanaar, line 48-49</span></span></span> <br />
</span></span></span><br />
</div>Ilamuruganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16311706194380527105noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3838316470284029548.post-3117781881963859742010-01-19T04:06:00.000-08:002010-01-19T04:06:17.883-08:00Matri-lineal dynasty of Medieval Chola Empire<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Fall" of Patri-lineal dynasty & "Rise" of Matri-lineal dynasty of Medieval Chola Empire</span></span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The greatness of the medieval Chola Empire built up by Rajaraja Chola - 1, Rajendra Chola - 1, Rajathiraja Chola, Rajendra Chola - 2, Rajamahendra Chola, and Virarajendra Chola, was upheld by them for three generations up to the end of the Patri-lineal king Virarajendra. While Rajaraja - 1 ruled from ‘Thanjavur’ all his successors ruled from ‘Gangaikonda Cholapuram’.</span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">During this space of time: <br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajaraja Chola - 1 (A.D.985-1014)</span></span> gave his daughter <span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kundavai</span>”</span> in marriage to the <span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Eastern Chalukiya</span></span> king <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vimaladityan (A.D.1011-18)</span>”</span>.Their son was “Rajaraja Narendra”. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Website URL of the Video on Rajaraja Chola's "sending off" of his daughter Kundavi with Vimaladityan to Vengi Naadu - as potrayed in the Tamil Film Rajaraja Chola</span></span> <br />
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxVPo9yhWds&feature=related" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxVPo9yhWds&feature=related</a> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajendra Chola - 1 (A.D.1012-1044)</span></span> gave his daughter <span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Amanga</span>”</span> in marriage to the <span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Eastern Chalukya/Chola</span></span> king <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajaraja Narendra (A.D.1022-61)</span>”</span>. Their son was “Rajendra Vishnuvardhanan”. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajendra Chola - 2 (A.D.1051-63)</span></span> gave his daughter <span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Mathuranthahi</span>”</span> in marriage to the <span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Eastern Chalukya/Chola</span></span> king <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajendra Vishnuvardhanan (A.D.1061-1070)</span>”</span>. Their son was “Vikrama Cholan”. <br />
<br />
The Matri-lineal <span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Chalukya/Chola</span></span> kings namely “Rajaraja Narendra” and “Rajendra Vishnuvardhanan”, ruled the <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vengi country</span></span> consecutively, after the last <span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Eastern Chalukya</span></span> king “Vimaladityan”. The Vengi country was a region in East India between Tungabadra and Godavari rivers adjoining the sea. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Virarajendra Chola (A.D.1063-1070)</span>"</span> of the Patri-lineal dynasty ascended the Chola throne in A.D.1063. His authority extended in the north upto the Tungabadra river. He appointed his son <span style="color: blue;">" "<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Athirajendra Chola (A.D.1067-70)</span>"</span> as his <span style="text-decoration: underline;">heir apparent</span> in the year A.D.1067. <br />
<br />
During this period the <span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Western Chalukya Country</span></span> in the north beyond the Tungabadra river was ruled by the king <span style="color: darkred;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Someswara – II" (1068-1071)</span></span>. His younger brother <span style="color: darkred;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vikramaditya</span>"</span> the Western Chalukya prince, with intention to invade the Chola country moved southwards beyond the Tungabadra river (most ‘possibly’ around A.D.1069). <br />
<br />
“Virarajendra” possibly very weary over constant wars with many countries from the time he ascended throne, and also not prepared to loose his vast territory up to Tungabadra river, came into terms with the Chalukya prince “Vikramaditya”. <br />
<br />
In accordance with their terms, the “Vikramaditya” agreed to withdraw northwards beyond Tungabadra river, thus enabling the Chola king “Virarajendra” to retain the territorial integrity of his empire. <br />
<br />
This bond of friendship resulted in they exchanging presents, and <span style="color: blue;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Virarajendra Chola</span>"</span> giving<span style="color: blue;"> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">his daughter</span></span> (name not known) in marriage to the <span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Western Chalukya prince</span></span> <span style="color: blue;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vikramaditya - VI</span>"</span> . <br />
<br />
Not long after this event in A.D.1070 “Virarajendra Chola” <span style="text-decoration: underline;">met his misfortune of severe ill health, ‘possibly’ with imminent death at any time</span>. During this ‘same time’ his son “Athirajendra” who was his <span style="text-decoration: underline;">heir apparent</span> too fell very ill ‘possibly’ with an incurable sickness, and had <span style="text-decoration: underline;">no male heirs to succeed him</span>. <br />
<br />
“Virajendra Chola” under these circumstances with much foresight into the future of the Chola empire, in the year A.D.1070 appointed his own sister <span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Amanga”s</span></span> son <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajendra Vishnuvardhanan</span>”</span>, as the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">heir apparent</span> to the Chola empire after “Athirajendra”. <br />
<br />
“Virarajendra Chola” met his death soon after that year, and there rose a rebellion at Kanchipuram against “Athirajendra Chola” the legitimate successor to the Chola empire, who was ousted from the throne. <br />
<br />
On hearing same the <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Western Chalukiya prince</span></span> <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vikramaditya</span>”</span> pursued quickly with his forces to Kanchipuram punished the corrupt people in this rebellion, and then moved towards Gangaikonda Cholapuram broke the rebellion’s army and installed his brother-in-law “Athirajendra” back on throne. <br />
<br />
Prince “Vikramaditya” stayed at Gangaikonda Cholapuram for a month, probably until the situation properly settled, and then returned to ‘Kalyani’ the capital city of his Chalukya kingdom north of river Tungabadra. <br />
<br />
However not long after “Vikramaditya”s return, the hostile ministers of <span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Athirajendra Chola</span>”</span> killed him. On hearing same, the <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Eastern Chalukiya/Chola</span></span> king <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajendra Vishnuvardhanan</span>”</span>, the king of Vengi country came with his forces and seized the Chola country for himself. <br />
<br />
His claim ‘to his right’ to succession on the Chola throne was justified, as he was appointed by “Virarajendra Chola” as the heir apparent after “Athirajendra”, and his <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">queen</span>, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">mother</span>, and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">grandmother</span></span>, <span style="color: blue;">were all Chola Princesses</span>. Thus the <span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Eastern Chalukiya/Chola</span></span> king <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Rajendra Vishnuvardhanan</span>”</span> became the next king of the mighty Chola empire with his new Chola royal title the <span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kulothunga Chola - 1” (A.D.1070-1120)</span></span>. <br />
<br />
This gave <span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">rise</span>"</span> to the rule of the Chola empire by the Eastern Chalukiya/Chola Matri-lineal dynasty, with the <span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">fall</span>"</span> of the <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Chola</span>"</span> Patri-lineal dynasty. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vikramaditya</span>"</span> the <span style="color: green;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Western Chalukiya</span>"</span> prince possibly had his own designs, and with the death of “Athirajendra” he prepared to invade the Chola country. <br />
<br />
On this development “Kulothunga Chola - 1” arranged with the ‘hostile’ elder brother of “Vikramaditya” namely “Someswara – II” to attack him from the rear, while he invaded the region with his own forces, to meet prince “Vikramaditya” face to face. <br />
<br />
However prince “Vikramaditya” won over “Someswara - II” who was deposed from the throne, and also drove the Chola forces beyond Tungabadra river and returned to the Western Chalukya capital ‘Kalyani’, probably abondoning his intention to invade the Chola country. Thus <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vikramaditya – VI (A.D.1071-1126)</span>”</span> became the next successor to Western Chalukya kingdom. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kulothunga Chola</span>”</span> with his ascension on the Chola throne, gave the kingdom of Vengi country to his paternal uncle <span style="color: darkred;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vijayaditya – II” (A.D.1070-1075)</span></span> [Rajaraja Narendra’s brother] to rule. He thereafter made his fourth son <span style="color: blue;">“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Vikkrama Chola” (A.D.1118-35)</span></span> as the heir apparent to Chola Empire. <br />
<br />
Thus the <span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Chalukiya/Chola</span></span> Matri-lineal dynasty of Chola empire continued even after Vikkrama Chola, with Kulothunga Chola - 2, Rajaraja Chola - 2, Rajathiraja Cholan - 2, Kulothunga Chola - 3, Rajaraja Chola - 3 and Rajendra Cholan - 3, after which the Chola country was finally subdued by the Pandiyan king <span style="color: blue;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Maravarman Sundera Pandiyan (A.D.1216 - 1238)</span></span>. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Note:</span></span> <br />
<br />
The medieval Chola kings often gave their daughters in marriage to the kings and princes of the other countries (who were not necessarily from the Tamil Royal dynasties), in order to strengthen their position with the neighbouring and far lying kingdoms of their period. <br />
<br />
It has been already seen that Cholas had matrimonial alliances with the Eastern & Western Chalukyas of India. <br />
<br />
Likewise we also note Kulothunga Chola - 1 (A.D.1070-1120) gave his daughter <span style="color: blue;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Suththamalliaalvaar</span>"</span> in marriage to the <span style="color: green;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Sinhala/Pandiya</span></span> Prince <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Manabharana (alias Virabahu alias Virapperumal)</span></span> to strengthen his new friendly ties with Sri Lanka. Prince Manabharana - was the son of a <span style="color: blue;">'<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Pandiyan Prince</span>'</span> by <span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">'Mitta'</span></span> the younger sister of the Sinhala king <span style="color: darkred;">"<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Mahalu Vijayabahu</span>"</span>. <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Primary Sources of Literary Evidences on the above</span></span>: <br />
<br />
(1) Kalingatthuparani - chapter titled Avathaaram <br />
<br />
(2) Vikramankadeva Charitha by Bilhana <br />
Indian Kavya Literature - by A.K.Warder, Vol VI, chapter XLIX <br />
<br />
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Primary Sources of Epigraphic Evidences on the above</span></span>: <br />
<br />
(1) Inscription of Rajaraja Chola – 1 – Thiruvalanjuli <br />
No 633 of 1902 <br />
<br />
(2) Korumelli Plates of (Eastern Chalukiya) Rajaraja <br />
Indian Antiquary – Vol XIV, page 50 & Vol XXIII, page 131 <br />
<br />
(3) Nandampundi Grant of (Eastern Chalukiya) Rajaraja <br />
Epigraphica Indica Vol IV, No 43 <br />
<br />
(4) Pillar Inscription of Prithvisvara <br />
Epigraphia Indica Vol IV, No 4 <br />
<br />
(5) Panchadharala Pillar Inscription <br />
Epigraphia Indica Vol XIX, Page 164-174 <br />
<br />
(6) Chellur Plates of (Eastern Chalukiya) Vira-Choda <br />
South Indian Inscriptions – Vol I, No 39 <br />
<br />
(7) Inscription of Virarajendra Chola - Thiruvottriyur <br />
No 128 of 1912, and ARE Part 1913 Part – II, No 32 <br />
<br />
(8) Inscription of Athirajendra Chola - Kuhur, Thanjavur region <br />
No 280 of 1917 <br />
<br />
(9) Ilangai Thamil Saasanangal - by Prof' Pathmanathan <br />
</span></span><br />
</div>Ilamuruganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16311706194380527105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3838316470284029548.post-59891806243410514342010-01-19T04:00:00.000-08:002010-01-19T04:00:30.203-08:00Medieval Chola Empire and it's relations with Kerala<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: darkgreen;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Medieval Chola Empire and it's relations with Kerala</span></span></span></span></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(1) Introduction</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During the period of the nineth and the tenth centuries, the Chera country was ruled by three principal royal dynasties known as the Ayes, Venads, and Kulasekaras from three distinctive regions of Kerala (the Sanskritised version of Chera), and the kings of these three dynasties and the other Chieftains ruling smaller regions of the rest of Kerala, all were generally referred to as the Cheras or Keralas by the people of Chola & Pandiya countries of this period. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The Aye dynasty were ruling a region covering from the present Nagerkoil of Tamil Nadu the southern end of the Aye kingdom, upwards into Kerala to the present Anjuthengu in the north of the present Thiruvananthapuram, and was known as Aye Nadu. Their capital was at Vilignam a seaport city south of Thiruvananthapuram. The Aye Nadu also included the Kanthalursalai - a military and Vedic studies acadamy and an armoury centre of the Aye kings, and was located deep south beyond the Vilignam along the sea coast closer to Nagerkoil the southern end of the Aye kingdom. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Venad dynasty were ruling a region beyond Anjuthengu covering a region upto Kottayam, known formally as Venadu and also as Kollam Desam with their capital at Kollam (proper), also a seaport city on the west Kerala. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The Kulasekara dynasty were ruling a region of Kerala beyond Kottayam further north upto and around the present region of Kolikkodu (Calicut) and known as Kudamalai Nadu, with their capital at Mahodayapuram (Kodungolur) a seaport city also known as Makothai, and a second interior capital known as Uthakai in the Kongu country of that period (the present Udhagamandalam region of the Tamil Nadu, bordering the Kerala also known as Udhagai), which was under their rule during this period. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Unlike the Aye and the Venad dynasty, the vast territory ruled by Kulasekara dynasty covered many small regions called “Nadus” under different names, which were ruled by the local Chieftans who accepted the authority of the Kulasekara dynasty, and ruled their respective regions as subordinates to them. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: darkblue;">(2) The Chera kings from A.D.801 up to the advent of Vijayalaya Chola</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Towards the beginning of the nineth century{i.e. A.D.801} a powerful Chera king known as <b><span style="color: darkred;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Kulasekaran {A.D.801-820}</span></span></b> was ruling in Kudamalainadu of the Kerala country, covering the length of the Kolli - Malai (hills) regions in central and north Kerala, from his capital at Mahodayapuram. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">He has claimed for himself the titles “Kolik-kon”, “Kudal-nayagan”, “Kongar Kon” confirming his authority over Koliyur (the Uraiyur of the Chola country), and Kudal (the Madurai of the Pandiya country), and also over the Kongu country. It was probably during this period the Uthahai became the second capital of the Kulasekara dynasty with a member of the Kulasekara family appointed to rule over this region. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Kulasekaran was an ardent devotee of - Sri Rama (regarded as an incarnation of God Vishnu), and hence the Vaishnavites of this period referred to him as <i>"Kulasekara Perumal"</i> in reverence. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> He made pilgrimages to Thiruvarangam (Sri Rangam) in Cholanadu, and Thiruvenkatam (Thiruppathi) in Thondainadu - among others, and has composed a set of hyms - in Tamil in praise of God Vishnu named as "Perumal Thirumoli", and in Sanskrit named as "Muhunda Mala". He abdicated the Chera throne to lead a holy life and was venerated as one of the twelve great Tamil Vaishnava Saints, known as the Kulasekara Alvar. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Chera king Kulasekaran had a son by the name Rajasekaran. With the abdication of Kulasekara from Chera throne, his son <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Rajasekaran {A.D.820-844}</span></u></b> became the king of the Chera country. He was also known by the name Cheraman Perumal and unlike his father was an ardent devotee of God Siva. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Rajasekaran while ruling the Chera country from Mahodayapuram spent most of his time in religious activities and in meditation at the Siva Temple in Thiruvanjaikkalam at Kodungolur (Mahodayapuram) in the Kerala country. It was during this time one of the great Tamil Saiva Saint of Tamil Nadu - the Sundaramurthi Nayanar made a pilgrimage to the Thiruvarur Temple in the Chola country. The Chera king Rajasekaran with utmost desire to meet this great Tamil Saiva Saint, also went to Thiruvarur at this same time. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Here with the blessings of God Siva of Thiruvarur the Chera king composed hyms in Tamil in his praise known as "Mummanikkovai". From there he went along with the Tamil Saint Sundarmurthi Nayanar to the Siva shrine at Vedaranniyam in the Chola country and other Siva Shrines all over the Pandiya country. He composed further hyms in Tamil in praise of God Siva known as "Ponvanna Anthathi" and "Thirukkalyana Gnana Ulla" and became to be known and venerated as Cheraman Perumal Nayanar. All the above hyms composed by him have been included in the eleventh “Thirumurai” (Thirumurais are a collection of the sacred hyms in Tamil, sung on God Siva by various Tamil Saiva Saints of TamilNadu and few from the Kerala State). </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Finally at the eager request of the Cheraman Perumal Nayanar the Tamil Saiva Saint Sundaramurthi Nayanar opted to visit the palace of this Chera king at his capital city of Mahodaiyapuram in the Chera country travelling through Kongunadu the present Udagamandalam (Udagai) region of Tamil Nadu. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">While being here in A.D.844 the Saint Sundaramurthi Nayanar died. Unable to bear the grief of the death of this great Saint, the Cheraman Perumal Nayanar too met his death soon thereafter in the same year. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> It was during the period of the Chera king Kulasekaran and partly during the period of the Chera king Rajasekaran, the great Saiva Saint of Chera (Kerala) country namely the Sankaracharya who founded the Advaita doctrine lived in Kerala. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">It also appears the Tamil Saiva Saint known as Venattu Adigal from Venad in the Chera country, though not classified under the sixty-three Tamil Saiva Saints of Tamil Nadu, the hyms composed by him named "Thiruvisaippa" on God Siva of Chidambaram in Chola country, has been included in the nineth "Thirumurai". It appears the Venattu Adigal lived during a period after the Tamil Saiva Saint the Sundaramurthi Nayanar. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Chera king Rajasekara alias Cheraman Perumal Nayanar was followed by his son the king <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Sthanu Ravi alias Ravi Varma Kulasekaran (alias Ko-Kandan) {A.D.844 - 885}</span></u></b> on the Chera throne at Mahodayapuram. Sthanu Ravi too was a Saivite like his father. He had a daughter by the name Kilanadigal who married king Vijayaragadeva from another Chera royal family ruling a part of Kerala. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> It was only towards this time - the mid nineth century A.D, the Chola dynasty emerged more into limelight, after a long spell in partial or total obscurity in the political scene of Tamil Nadu for nearly six centuries. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(3) Period of Vijayalaya Chola {A.D.848-881}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The first among this line of medieval Cholas who came into prominance was the king Vijayalaya Chola {A.D.848-881}, who ruled the Chola country from Thanjavur. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">It appears that the Chera kings of this period, had very friendly relations with the Chola country. The Sthanu Ravi and his daughter both being of Saivite faith, and with the prevailing good relations that existed with the Chola country, had made their endowments to the Siva temples in the Chola country </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> In the year A.D.849 during the rule of the Chera king Sthanu Ravi also known as Ravi Varma Tribuvanachakravarti Kulasekaradeva, the villagers of the Chalukkipparu has gifted a village named Satanur in the Thondainadu to the temple of Siva named as Tiruayanisuramudaiya Nayanar. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Chera Queen Kilanadigal provided gold for a lamp at the temple of Thiruvannamalai in Thondaimanadu (adjacent to Chola country) in the year A.D..851. The Chera king (Ko)Kandan Ravi alias Sthanu Ravi also gifted land for lighting lamp at the temple at Kuttalam in Pandiyanadu in the year in the year A.D.870. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(4) Period of Athiththa Chola {A.D.871-907}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> In the year A.D.881 with the demise of Vijayalaya Chola his son Athiththa Chola {A.D.871-907} succeeded on the Chola throne, who was a co-regent of Vijayalaya from A.D.871. During the period of his rule the Athiththa Chola waged war on Kongunadu assisted by the Chera king Sthanu Ravi, and captured it from the Pandiyan king. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">A general named Vikki Annan the chieftan of Kodumbalur was greatly instrumental in winning this war by the Cholas, and was rewarded jointly by the Chola & Chera kings with a crown, palace, elephants, royal palanquin, drum and the given the title "Sembiyan Thamil Verl". Towards the middle of Athiththa Chola’s rule the Chera king Sthani Ravi died and was followed by <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Rama Varma Kulasekara {A.D.885-917}</span></u></b> on the Chera throne. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During this time the Pandiya king Paranthaha Vira Narayanan (A.D.860-905) married a Chera Princes named Vanavan Mathevi, and to them was born the Pandiyan king named Rajasimhan-2 (A.D.900-920). </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(5) Period of Paranthaha Chola{A.D.907-953}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Athitha Chola was succeeded by his son Paranthaha Chola (A.D.907-953) on the Chola throne. He married Udaiya Pirattiyar Kokkilan Adigal daughter of the Chera king Rama Varma of Kulasekara dynasty. He also married the daughter of another Chera king Paluvettaraiyar Kandan Amuthan named Arumoli Nangai ruling from west Paluvur of the present Tirutchirappalli in Tamil Nadu bordering Kerala. He had a further queen by the name Villavan Mathevi probably the daughter of the Venad King of the Chera country, who refer themselves as “Villavar’. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Paranthaha Chola-1 had an elder son by Kokilanadigal named Rajathithya, a second son by the name Gandarathitha and a younger son by Arulmoli Nangai named Arinjayan. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> A native of Nandikkaraiputtur in Kerala Country named Velankumaran was the general of the Chola Prince Rajathithya. However the Prince Rajaditya died very young in a war in Thondainadu. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Paranthaha Chola with the intention of annexing the Pandiyanadu waged war with Pandiya king Rajasimhan-2. In this war the Chera king Rama Varma Kulasekara assisted Paranthaha. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Rajasimhan-2 was defeated and went to Sri Lanka, and with the assistance of the king of Sri Lanka fought back with Paranthaha and his allies namely the Pallavas and the Chera king Ranma Varma at Thirupurambiyam. But he was defeated and again took refuge in Sri Lanka. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">As Rajasimhan didnot receive further assistance from the Sri Lankan king for a second expedition in regaining his throne, returned to the Chera Country of his mother. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The matrimonial alliance of Paranthaha Chola with the foremost among the royal families of Kerala country namely the Kulasekara dynasty, paved way for the friendly relations that existed beteween these two countries to increase many folds. During this period there seems to have been an inflow of people from Chera country to the Chola country, some of whom even worked for the Chola king. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Kokkilan Adigal daughter of this Chera king (and the queen of Paranthaha Chola) the has provided gold for expenses for lighting lamps at the temple at Lalgudi in Cholanadu in the year A.D.923. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> In this same year of A.D.923 Alala-Arisilar Kumaran a native of the Kodungolur (Mahodayapuram) of (Kuda)Malainadu of Kerala country gifted gold for lampstand at the temple Thirunallakuntram in Kudumiyanmalai in Cholanadu. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> In this same year another native also from Kodungolur of Malainadu gifted gold for a lamp at the temple at Kudumiyanmalai in Cholanadu. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">In the year A.D.926 queen Kokkilan Adigal has provided gold for lighting lamps at the temple at Thiruvidaimaruthur in Thanjavur. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> She also ordered the construction of a stone temple named Thiruththondiswarem at Thirunavalur in Chola country. During her time a tank has been constructed near Tribuwani (near present Pondicherry) and named after her as Kokkilanadi-pereri in Chola country. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> There has been a native of the Chera country known as Kerala Kurumban given a high office in the Chola kingdom by Paranthaha Chola with the title Parakesari Mevenda Velar whose wife made gifts to the the temple as Tiruvottriyur in the year A.D.927. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">In the year A.D 936 Ravi Nili the daughter of Chera king Vijayaragadevar (who was inturn the Son-in Law of earlier Chera king Sthanu Ravi) provided thirty kalanju (a measure) of gold for lighting lamp to the Mahadeva at the temple of Thiruvottriyur in Thondainadu which was under Chola rule. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Another native of Kodungolur (Mahodayapuram) of Malainadu (Kudamalainadu) in Kerala country in the year A.D.936 donated a lamp to the temple at Thiruchanur in Thondaimandalam. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> In the year A.D.943 the Kerala general Velankumaran of Prince Rajathithya (eldest son of Paranthaha Chola) built a stone temple to Arruttali Mahadeva at Mudiyur on the Pennar river in Thondaimandalam. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Sheep for maintaing lamp was given to the temple at Thirumalpuram in Thondainadu by Puvan Maran a native of Nediyatali of Kodungolur (Mahodayapuram) in the Kerala country in the year A.D.948. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Another native of Kodungolur in Malainadu donated lands to the presiding God Perumal at the Thiruvenkadu temple in Thanjavur A.D.952 </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Towards this time with the demise of the Chera king Rama Varma, the king <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Kothai Ravi Varma {A.D.917-947}</span></u></b> succeeded on the Chera throne at Mahodayapuram the capital of Kudamalainadu in Kerala country. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> After thirty years of rule Kothai Ravi Varma was followed by <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Indukotha Varma {A.D. 944-962}</span></u></b> on the Chera throne at Mahodayapuram. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(6) Period of Gandarathitha Chola {A.D.950-957}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> After Paranthaha-1, his second son of Gandarathithya Chola (A.D..950-957) ascended the Chola throne after being a co-regent with Paranthaha Chola from A.D.953. Though he was the Chola king his thoughts were always around God Siva leading a more religious life, and with his blessings have composed religious hyms in Tamil known as “Thiruvisaippa” which have been included in the nineth "Thirumurai". </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(7) Period of Arinjaya Chola {A.D.956-957}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">He was followed by Arinjaya Chola (A.D.956-957) who succeeded to the Chola throne. He too married the daughter of the Chera king the Indukothai Ravi Varma named Athithan Kothai Piratiyar. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(8) Period of Sundera Chola {A.D. 957-970}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> With the premature death of Arinjaya Chola his son the Sundera Chola ascended the Chola throne. He married the daughter of the king Malaiyaman of Thirukkovalur in Thondainadu named Udaya Piratiyar Thambiranadigal Vanavanmatheviyar alias Thiribhuvanamatheviyar, and also the Paranthahan Theviammanar daughter of a Chera king , and to the former was born the great Chola king RajaRaja-1. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During this period the Chera king Indukotha Varma was succeeded by <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Bhaskara Ravi Varma - 1 {A.D.962-1019}</span></u></b> at Mahodayapuram. Years later <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Baskara Ravi Varma - 2 {A.D.979-1014}</span></u></b> appears to have assisted Bhakara Ravi Varma – 1 in ruling his vast Chera empire which stretched from the present Calicut to Tiruvanandapuram region encompassing the Kudamalainadu, Kongunadu and Venad, as his co-regent probably from Uthahai in the Kongu region which was under the Chera rule during this period. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(9) Period of Uthama Chola {A.D. 970-985}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">After the demise of Sundera Chola his son Rajaraja – 1 who was the legitimate heir to the Chola throne, whole heartedly gave way to Uthama Chola (A.D.970-985) the son of Gandarathitha Chola being his paternal uncle, to rule for some period. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Uthama Chola had among others, a queen named Panchavanmatheviyar who was the daughter of the Chera king Paluvettaraiyar also known as Kandan Sundera Cholan. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(10) Period of Rajaraja Chola –1 {A.D.985-1014}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Uthama Chola died in the year A.D.985, and was succeeded by the heir apparent Rajaraja Chola-1{A.D.985-1014} on the Chola throne. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Rajaraja Chola - 1 too married a daughter of the Malaiyaman king of Tirukkovalur in Thondainadu named Vanavanmathevi, who was also known as Thiribhuvanamadevi. One of his other queens was Villavanmathevi the daughter of the king of Venadu of Chera country. He also had a queen known as Panchavanmathevi who was the daughter of Paluvettaraiyar Kandan Maravan the Chera king of Paluvur on the west of Thirutchirappalli bordering Kerala state. It was to Vanavanmadevi the greatest emperor of the Chola dynasty namely the Rajendra Chola – 1 was born. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">With the accession of Rajaraja Chola -1 on the Chola throne and with his "imperialistic ambitions" over South India, found that it was necessary initially to overcome the powerful Cheras. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <i><span style="color: darkblue;">The peaceful and friendly relations the Cholas had with the Cheras from the earliest times through the period of Vijayalaya Chola {A.D.848-881} upto the time of Uththama Chola{A.D. 970-985} thus became strained, and led to nearly a hundred years of war among them to retain their supremacy.</span></i> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During the rule of the earlier Chola kings and Rajaraja Chola -1, the Aye dynasty of the Chera country over period of time had built up a military and vedic acadamy and an arsenal centre at Kandalur Salai, which was located south of Thiruvananthapuram and produced many great trained warriors. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Rajaraja Chola -1 realised the destruction of the supply lines to these acadamy of trained warriors and the arsenal centre of the Aye kings of Chera (Kerala) country, and to their Pandiyan ally namely Amarabujangan was an absolute necessity initialy, in order to win the southern region of the Chera and Pandiya countries ruled by these two powerful kings. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Rajaraja-1 waged war on the Kandalursalai for th first time in A.D.988, and it appears he only partly destroyed this military acadamy. But it appears the Cheras reinstated their positions again in Kandalursalai and continued with the functions of their military acadamy and arsenal centre. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> This made Rajaraja Chola-1 to wage war again on Kandalursali in the year A.D.995, and effectively destroyed the Kandalursalai military acadamy and arsenal centre, and defeated the ruling Aye king of Kerala country and captured his capital the seaport city of Vilignam. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Aye Kingdom comprised of Nanchilnadu & Valluvanadu. The Rajaraja Chola after his capture of the Aye kingdom, re-named a village called Muttam in Valluvanadu as Mummudicholanallur, a subdivision of Aye Nadu which too was renamed as the Rajarja Tennadu. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> He donated grants to a temple known as Tirunandikkarai in this village of Muttam in the year A.D.1003, and ordered that in the month of Iyppasi (October/November) a festival to be celebrated ending on the day of Sadayam nakshaththiram (his birth star), on which day the image of the God at the temple of Tirunandiikkarai was to be bathed in the river and a perpetual lamp named Rajarajan to be lit every day. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> He now turned his attention on his conquest of the territories in the Karnataka country, Kudamalainadu, and the Kongu region of the present Tamilnadu. Chola king Rajaraja -1 thereafter sent an ambassador to the co-regent of the king Baskara Ravi Varma-1 of Mahodai ruling from Uthahai (present Udhagamandalam also known as Udagai), namely Baskara Ravi Varma –2 probably a member from the family of Kulasekaras, requesting him to submit to Chola suzerainty and to pay tributes. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Chola ambassador was humilated by the Chera co-regent of Uthahai and was put to prison at Uthahai, which enraged Rajaraja Chola-1 who sent a large expedition to Uthahai probably in the year A.D.1014 which was destroyed and the city was captured and it appears Baskara Ravi Varma – 2 met his death and Kongunadu which came under the control of the Cholas. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">The Chola forces further moved into the Kudamalainadu the north and central regions of Kerala state and defeated Baskara Ravivarman Thiruvadi (Baskara Ravi Varaman – 1) the ruling king of the Kulasekara dynasty, and captured his capital Mahadayapuram (Kodungolur). It appears Baskara Ravi Varman -1 too accepted the Chola suzerainty and continued to rule from Mahodayapuram in the Kerala country paying tributes. This brought all the territories of Chera country ruled by the other chieftans and which were under Baskara Ravi Varman - 1 too to accept the Chola supremacy. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Chola forces moved further into the Venad territory (Kolladesam) and captured the the region along with its seaport capital the Kollam(proper), which were at this time ruled by the chieftain Govardhana Marttanda appointed by king Baskara Ravi Varman – 1 of the Mahodayapuram in Kudamalainadu. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(11) Period of Rajendra Chola – 1 {A.D.1012 – 1044}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Rajaraja Chola – 1 died in the year A.D.1014 and was succeeeded by his son Rajendra Chola – 1 on the chola throne after being a co-regent with Rajaraja Chola from A.D1012. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During the period of Rajendra Chola – 1, in the year A.D.1019 with the agitation for freedom by the king Baskara Ravi Varman - 1 of Kerala, he sent a war expedition under the leadership of his second son Manukulakesari to Kudamalainadu in the Chera country who defeated the Chera King Baskara Ravi Varma – 1 captured his capital Mahothai and secured his crown, diadem and an island called Santhimathivu belonging to the Kerala king beyond Kerala in Arabic sea. In this war Baskara Ravi Varman - 1 met his death. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> With the secure of the Chera crown the Rajendra Chola – 1 assumed the new title as Mudikonda Cholan. Rajendra Chola –1 gave the title “Chola Keralan” to his second son Manukulakesari and appointed him as the chola viceroy to rule the captured Kudamalai Nadu of the Kerala country. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> However with the necessaity of he having to lead a war expedition with eastern Chalukiya king, he was recalled back from Chera country in the year A.D.1021, while appointing the Chera king <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Veera Keralan{A.D1021-1028}</span></u></b> son of Baskara Ravi Varman to rule his country on accepting the Chola suzerainty. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Manululakesari met his death at the Chola-Chalukya war, and his father Rajendra Chola in his memory built a temple at Jayamaliswarem in A.D.1023, and built a Salai for providing food named as Chola-Keralan Salai, and for its revenue for expenses gifted a village named Chola-Kerala Nallur. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Rajendra Chola – 1 with the death of his mother years later, made a statue of herself and installed at the temple known as Sembianmathevi at Nagapattinam, and made arrangements for its worship. In Sri Lanka too at Polonnaruwa Rajendra Chola built a Siva temple by the name Vanavanmathevi Iswarem in her memory. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Rajendra Chola –1 had a queen named as Panchavanmathevi daughter of the Chera king Paluvettariyar and another by the name Vananvanmadevi daughter of the king Malaiyaman of Kovalur. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Rajendra Chola built a new imperial capital named as Gangaikondasolapuram west of present Chidambaram and there he built his new royal palace and named it as “Keralan Maligai” commemorating his victory over Kerala kings. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(12) Period of Rajadiraja Chola – 1 {A.D.1018-1054}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">With the death of Rajendra Chola – 1 in A.D.1044 his eldest son the Rajadhiraja Chola – 1 {A.D.1018-1054} who had been a co-regent of Rajendra Chola since A.D.1018 succeeded on the Chola throne. When he ascended the throne among the countries that were still under the Chola control, was the Mahodayapuram of the Kerala country. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During this period the Chera kings of the Kulasekara dynasty at Mahodai and of Venadu, were agitating to get their freedom. Rajadhiraja – 1 to contain these agitations sent forces which first proceeded to Mahodayapuram and defeated the Chera king Veera Keralan in A.D.1028, who was put to death by his elephant Atthivaranam. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> He appointed <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Rajasimhan {1028-1043}</span></u></b> the son of Vira Kerala as the Chera King on he having accepted the Chola suzerainty, who continued to rule from Mahodai paying tributes to Cholas, and had friendly relations with them for some time. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">This fact is surmised from the fact that the Gopalaswami Temple at Mannar Kovil in Tirunelveli was built by the Chera king Rajasimhan, but was named by him as Rajendra Chola Vinnagar. Rajendra Chola too has made a grant of land to this temple in A.D.1042. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Further in the 14th year of the Sundera Chola Pandiya devar at Mannar Koyil in Tinnelveli the Seralan Madeviyar Adicchi queen of the Chera king Rajasimhadevar made some donations to this Rajendra Chola Vinnagar Alvar. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Again in Venad the new king of <i>Govardhana Marthanda</i> started agitating for freedom assisted by the chieftain known as Ramakuda Muvar of the region Koovaham also of Kerala. Rajadiraja sent an expedition to Venad where it’s king was defeated and escaped from his kingdom to the jungles along with the king of Koovakam, and Rajadhiraja’s forces further destroyed the military acadamy and arms centre that became active again at Kanthalur Salai, and attacked and defeated Vilignam which revived its efforts under Aye kings to become independent, and was renamed as Rajendra Cholapattinam. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">However it appears the king of Venad continued to rule accepting the suzerainty of the Cholas, and agreeing to pay tributes. Rajasimha was followed by <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Bhaskara Ravi – 3 {A.D.1043-1082}</span></u></b> on the Chera throne. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(13) Period of Rajendra – 2 {A.D.1051-1063}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> In the year A.D.1054 Rajadiraja Chola –1 died in the battle field at Koppam. Immediately his younger brother Rajendra Chola – 2{A.D.1051-1063} who was the co-regent with Rajadhiraja Chola – 1 from A.D.1051, crowned as the next Chola in the battle field itself and continued with the war with success to Cholas. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> During this period one of his sons was given the title Chola Keralan in memory of his elder brother Manukulakesari who bore the same title as Chola Keralan. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(14) Period of Virarajendra {A.D.1063-1070}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">With the demise of Rajendra –2, Virarajendra Chola{A.D.1063-1070} was crowned as the next king of the Chola empire. On he ascending the Chola throne, again the Cheras at Venad and Mahodayaouram started agiatating to free themselves from the Chola fold. Virarajendra first sent an expedition to Venad and killed the younger brother of the Kerala king named Jananathan, while the king himself escaped from his country. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Later with the agitation also from the Chera king Bhaskara Ravi – 2, it necessiated Virarajendra Chola to go on a renewed war expedition to the great cities of the Chera country namely the Uthahai and Mahodai with big elephant cavalry to suppress the agitation. The Chera king in fear escaped with his family to safety. He defeating the Chera country returned back with much tributes, elephants and maids. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(15) Period of Adhirajendra {A.D1070-1073}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">With the death of Virarajendra his son Athirajendra {A.D1070-1074} succeeded on the Chola throne in A.D.1070, after being his co-regent from A.D1067. His period of rule ended within a short period of few months due to illness. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">During this period a Chera chieftain by the name Kerala Kesari Athirajathirajadever who also bore the title “Virakeralan” ruling from Kongunadu have made donations to the temple of Vishnu at Thirukkannapuram in Thanjavur region for lighting of lamps. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">(16) Period of Kulothunga Chola {A.D1070-1120}</span></u></b> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> After the death of Adirajendra there has been a turmoil in the Chola country with no direct male decendents in the line of the Rajaraja Chola – 1 to succeed. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Eventually the great-grandson of Rajaraja Chola – 1, namely Kulothunga Chola – 1 {A.D.1074-1120} became the rightful heir to the chola throne hailing from the female decendents of Rajaraja in the year A.D.1074. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> Taking opportunity of the turmoil in the Chola country the Chera kings at Aynad, Venad and Kudamalainadu agitated to gain freedom from from the Chola kings. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Kulothunga Chola - 1 in A.D.1081 waged war with the Cheras. He captured Vilignam, Kanthalursalai including Kottaru north of Kumari all of Ayenadu. The Chera king agreed to rule as a subordinate king and pay tributes. At Kottaru in south Kerala country he stationd a nilappadai (ground force) known as Kottaru Nillapadai under the general Araiyan Mathuranthahan alias Chola Keralarasan. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;">Kulothunga Chola forces further moved to Mahodayapuram in Kudamalainadu in the Kerala country and defeated the Chavar forces (suicide sqads) of Baskara Ravi Varma –3 who also met his death in this war in A.D.1082. He was succeeded by <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Ravi Rama Varma {A.D.1082-1090}</span></u></b> on the throne with his acceptance to pay tribute to Cholas. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> He was followed by <b><u><span style="color: darkred;">Rama Varma Kulasekara {A.D.1090 – 1102}</span></u></b> at Mahodayapuram throne. It appears some time after A.D.1090 Rama Varma Kulasekara with his powerful Chavar forces defeated the Cholas and regained full power in Kudamalainadu. It seems Kulothunga Chola – 1 didnot take any serious attempt to regain the lost territories of the Kerala country. It appears this was the ending point of 100 years of intermittant war between the Cholas and the Cheras. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: TSCu_SaiIndira,TSCu_Inaimathi,TSC_Avarangal,TSC_Paranar,TSC_Andal,TSC_Kanna,TSC_Comic,TSC_Times,TSC_Janani,TSC_Thunaivan,TSC_Komathi,TSC_Nattai,SaiIndira,AparanarTSC,TSCAparnar,TSCAvarangal;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"> The Tamil Temple Inscriptions however mentions a few more Chola-Chera conflicts after Kulothunga – 1 during the period of the remaing Cholas upto A.D.1250 </span></span></span></div>Ilamuruganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16311706194380527105noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3838316470284029548.post-88876770497222476092010-01-19T00:01:00.000-08:002010-01-19T00:01:55.119-08:00The great significance of the "Rajarajaeswarem" & "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem" - Siva Temples of Tamil Nadu, South India<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Clenovo%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Clenovo%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Clenovo%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12pt;"><b><u><span style="color: darkgreen; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The great significance of the "Rajarajaeswarem" & "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem" - Siva Temples of Tamil Nadu, South India</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: indigo; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">The <b>"<u>Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem" Siva temple - of Ariyalur district was built by the other Tamil Emperor "Rajendra Cholan - 1" (A.D.1012-1044) the worthy and most eminent son of Rajaraja Cholan - 1</u></b></span><b><span style="color: darkblue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">-$- </span></b><span style="color: indigo; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">who conquered 3/5 of India including present Bangaladesh, whole of Sri Lanka, Maldive & Laccadive Islands.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> <br />
<br />
<span style="color: indigo;">Rajendra Cholan - 1 also had much <u>political and trade relations</u> with the Hindu-Buddhist Malaysia (the Kadaram, and others), the Buddhist Empire of Sumatra - Indonesia (the Sri Vijaya, and others), Southern Sung Empire of China and the Kamboja kingdom<u>of his period</u>. </span><br />
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Rajendra Cholan - 1 commenced his war expeditions in the Indian Mainland when he was yet a co-regent of his father, with the capture of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Iddaithurai Naadu</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">central Karnataka</span></u>, bordering Andhra Pradesh, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Vanavaasi</span></u> of <u><span style="color: brown;">west Karnataka</span></u>, in one expedition in the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1012</span></u></b><span style="color: darkblue;">.</span> He therafter directed his attention on <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kollipaakkai</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">north Andhra Pradesh</span></u>, and captured same in the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1013</span></u></b>. The above two expeditions were carried our by Rajendra Chola - 1 on behalf of his father Rajaraja Chola - 1. <br />
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In the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1014</span></u></b> he lead an expedition against the <span style="color: darkblue;">Irrataipaadi Elaraillakam</span> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">north Karnataka & south Maharashtra</span></u>, and captured its capital city the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Mannaikadakkam</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Maleked</span></u>, also on behalf of his father, which met the reverse after its intial capture by Rajaraja Cholan in the year A.D.1006. <br />
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<u><span style="color: darkblue;">With the death of Rajaraja Cholan - 1 in the year A.D.1014, and with the accension of Rajendra Cholan - 1 in the same year as the next emperor of the Chola empire</span></u>, there was a lapse of two years in the latter continuing with his war expeditions. <br />
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In the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1016</span></u></b> he first sent an expedition overseas to <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Elamandalam</span></u> <u><span style="color: darkred;">the Sri Lanka</span></u>, and brought the entire island under his rule. This was followed by an expedition of Rajendra Cholan to <u><span style="color: darkred;">east Kerala</span></u> in the year<span style="color: darkblue;"> <b><u>A.D.1017</u></b></span> which captured the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kudamalai Nadu</span></u><span style="color: darkblue;">.</span> <br />
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Rajendra Cholan's forces crossed seas again, in the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1018</span></u></b>, and captured the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Pal Palanthivam</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">many islands of Maldives & Lakshadweep</span></u>. This was followed by the capture of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Sandimaaththivu</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Kavaratti island</span></u> overseas west of Kerala, in the same year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1018</span></u></b>. <br />
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In the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1019</span></u></b> Rajendra Cholans sent another expedition against the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Irrataipaadi Elaraiillakam</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">north Karnataka & south Maharashtra</span></u> - now with its new capital at <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kalyani</span></u>, <span style="color: darkred;">in the <u>northmost Karnataka</u></span> which the Cholas lost again but re-captured after a battle at <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Musangi</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">east Karnataka</span></u>. <br />
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Rajendra Cholan - 1 with his capture of many regions in the Indian mainland after a lapse of two years he became more ambitious in conquering the northern and north-western regions of India. <br />
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He commenced his war expedition in this direction in the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1021</span></u></b> with his capture of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Sakkarakkoattam</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">south Chhattisgarh</span></u>. <br />
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From here he split his forces in to two and sent one in the direction of Ganges river in the north and the other in the north-western direction while he stationed himself at Sakkarakkoattam until the two expeditions were complete. <br />
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The first expedition went towards the north-west of India from Sakkarakkoattam direct to the Mathuramandalam crossing the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Kalachuria, Chandella and Paramara</span></u> kingdoms in between, enabled by the friendly ties the Cholas had with these countries. Chola forces thus captured the kingdoms of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Mathuramandalam</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">west Uttar Pradesh</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Namanaikkonam</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">north Haryana</span></u>, <span style="color: darkblue;">Panchappalli</span> of <u><span style="color: brown;">east Punjab (of Pakistan)</span></u> <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Maasunidesam</span></u><span style="color: darkblue;"> </span>of <u><span style="color: brown;">north Punjab (of Pakistan)</span></u> and <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Athinagar (the Purvadesam - Purva means ancient)</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">south Kashmir</span></u>. The great Tamil Epic - <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Manimekalai</span></u> specifically states that "<u><span style="color: darkblue;">Purvadesam</span></u> - was in the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Gandhara country</span></u>" which encompassed the <u><span style="color: darkred;">south Kashmir region</span></u>. Further <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Al-Beruni</span></u> states "<span style="color: darkblue;">....<u>Udunpur in Purvadesa</u>.....</span>". <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Udunpur</span></u> is undoubtedly the <u><span style="color: darkred;">present Udhampur of south Jammu & Kashmir</span></u> - a derivation from Udunpur to Udhumpur and then to Udhampur. <br />
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The latter three were the regions of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Uttarapatham</span></u>. Rajendra Cholan - 1 claims in one of his inscription from Kulampandal that he also won the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>kings of Uttarapatham</u>"</span>. <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Dharmasastra of Manu</span></u> states Uttarapatham lies to the west of the place where <u><span style="color: darkred;">river Sarawathi</span></u> disappears. Great Indian Epic <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Mahabharata</span></u> states ".....the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Yavanas, Kambojas, Gandaras, Kiratas, and Barbarahs</span></u> who were born in Uttarapatham......", which were all situated in north-western India. <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Nepali Manuscripts</span></u> says "....Purushapuram territory in Uttarapatham.....". <u><span style="color: darkred;">Purushapura is the present Peshawar</span></u> in the upper Sind valley region <u><span style="color: darkred;">of present Pakistan</span></u>. <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kaviya Mimansa</span></u> states the Uttarapatha lay on the western side of Prthudaka. The <u><span style="color: darkred;">Prthudaka</span></u> was formerly situated <u><span style="color: darkred;">north of present Delhi</span></u>. The foregoing indicates to us somewhat accurately the regions covered by Uttarapatham, which was conquered by Rajendra Cholan - 1 <br />
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This expedition of the forces of Rajendra Cholan - 1 towards the north-west of India, was most possibly to assist his ally <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Paramara Bhoja </span><span style="color: darkred;">of Malawa</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">south Madya Pradesh</span></u> to fight the invasion of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Mahumad of Gazni</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">west Afghanistan</span></u>, and also relieve the kingdoms that already fell victims to his invasions, namely the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kanyakubja, Mathura, Namanaikkonam, Panchappalli, Masunidesam and Athinagar</span></u>. <br />
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The confedaracy that existed between the Bhoja king of Malawa and Rajendra Chola - 1 is 'confirmed' by an inscription from Balagamve in south Maharashtra which refers to Cholas "as the greatest of kings". Another inscription from Kulenur in Karnataka confirms this confederacy was not only between <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Bhoja</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">Malawa</span></u> and <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajendra Chola</span></u>, but also inclusive of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Gangeya</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">Kalachuria</span></u>. <br />
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The second expedition went towards towards river Ganges in the north from Sakkarakkoattam and captured the regions of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Odda Vishayam</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">Orissa,</span></u> <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kosala Naadu</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">north Chhattisgarh</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Thandabuththi</span></u> in <u><span style="color: darkred;">north Orissa </span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Thakkana Laadam</span></u> in <u><span style="color: darkred;">south Jharkhand,</span></u><span style="color: darkred;"> </span><u><span style="color: darkblue;">Vangala desam</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Bangaladesh</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Uttara Laadam</span></u> <span style="color: darkred;">of <u>north Jharkhand</u></span> and reached the great <u><span style="color: darkblue;">river Ganges</span></u>. <br />
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The Chola Indian Mainland expedition ended in A.D.1022 and details of the countries conquered by his forces in this single expedition was included in his Meikeerthi's from the year A.D.1023 <br />
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With the return of the of the Chola forces of Rajendra Cholan - 1 to Chola capital, from their victorius expedition to Uttarapatham and Gangetic region countries in <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1022</span></u></b>, the Royal Guru of Rajendra Cholan - 1 the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Isaana Pandithar</span></u> built a temple at <u><span style="color: darkred;">Kulampandel in Tamil Nadu</span></u> named as <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer temple</span></u>. <br />
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With his return Rajendra Cholan - 1 claimed a new title as <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Gangaikondaan</u>"</span> and gave the title "<u><span style="color: darkblue;">Gangaikonda Cholan</span></u>" (the Chola who captured Gangai) to his younger brother who lead the Gangetic expedition. <br />
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Rajendra Cholan - 1 commenced the construction of a new city named the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Gangaikonda Cholapuram</u>"</span>, with a new Siva Temple named <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem</u>"</span>, and a big 'temple water tank' named the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Chola Gangam</u>"</span> where the holy water brought in from the Ganges River was mixed. <br />
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The <u><span style="color: darkred;">Essalam Copper Plates</span></u> of Rajendra Cholan - 1 specifically states that with the conquest of the Gangetic region,<u><span style="color: darkblue;"> it was Rajendra Cholan - 1 who constructed the new city the Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the great Gangaikonda Choleswarer temple, and the sacred Cholagangam Tank at the Udaiyar Palaiyam region of Ariyalur district</span></u><span style="color: darkblue;">.</span> <br />
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In this great temple "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem" built by him, the presiding deity of the Karuvarai (Sanctum Sanctorium) was known as the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer</u>"</span> also known as "<u><span style="color: darkblue;">Peruvudaiyar</span></u><span style="color: darkblue;">" - </span>the God Siva in the form of Lingam, the biggest Lingam among the Siva Temples both in India and Worldover, having a height of 13 ft and 20 ft in circumferance. <br />
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The "Vimanam" of this big temple goes to a height of 176 ft falling short in height to the Rajarajaeswarem temple of Rajaraja Chola-1, and the construction of this temple was completed and the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kumba-abishekam done, possibly around A.D.1028.</span></u> <br />
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The Saivite Sage <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Karuvur Thevar</u>"</span> of the period of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajaraja Cholan - 1 and Rajendra Cholan - 1</span></u> has sung <span style="color: darkblue;">'<u>Thiruvisaippaa</u>'</span> (Hyms) on these two great Siva Temples, which have now been included in the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">nineth Thirumurai</span></u> of the twelve - Tamil Saiva Thirumuraikal. <br />
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<u><span style="color: green;">Three Video Websites</span></u> on Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram <br />
</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuapWZXB5sE&feature=related" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuapWZXB5sE&feature=related</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> <br />
</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pTY7y7h58Y" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pTY7y7h58Y</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> <br />
</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pehTGt6ldCA&feature=related" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pehTGt6ldCA&feature=related</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> <br />
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<b><u><span style="color: indigo;">The "Vijayamkonda Cholaeswarem" Siva temple - of Erumbur in Cuddalore district</span></u></b><span style="color: indigo;"> (present Kadambavanesvara temple near Erumbur)<b> was built -$-</b></span> <span style="color: indigo;">in commemoration of the victory of the forces of Rajendra Chola - 1 over Sri Vijaya and many regions of Sumatra of Indonesia</span>. <br />
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<b><u><span style="color: indigo;">The "Kadaremkonda Cholaeswarem" Siva temple - of Kudimallur in Vellore district</span></u></b><span style="color: indigo;"> (present Bhumisvara temple near Kalavai)<b> was built -$-</b> in commemoration of the victory of the forces of Rajendra Chola - 1 over Kadarem and many regions of Malaysia</span>. <br />
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His far overseas war expedition commenced in the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1023</span></u></b> with he sending a large fleet of ships with Chola warriors directed first to <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Sri Vijaya</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Palembang of south Sumatra of Indonesia</span></u> which was captured. Thereafter they captured the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Malaiyur</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Malaiyur</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">south Sumatra</span></u> adjacent to Sri Vijaya. <br />
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From there they crossed seas and captured he <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Mevilibangham</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Bangha Island adjacent to south Sumatra</span></u> and then they moved to <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Pannai</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">east Sumatra</span></u> in the mainland, followed by <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Ilamuridesam</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">north Sumatra</span></u><span style="color: darkred;">.</span> <br />
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The forces now crossed to Malaysia captured the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Vallaipandur</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">of north-east Malaysia</span></u>, followed by <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kadarem</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">north-west and west Malaysia</span></u> . From here they went further north and captured the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Ilankasokam</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">south-east Thailand</span></u> adjacent to Kadarem and followed by <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Mathamalingam</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">east Thailand</span></u>, and <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Thalaitakkolam</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">south-west Thailand.</span></u> <br />
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From here they went to on seas homeward, and on their way captured the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Manakkavaarem</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Andaman & Nicobar Islands</span></u> <br />
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They further travelled by sea and capturd the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Maapapaalam</span></u> the sea-port city of the present <u><span style="color: darkred;">south Miyanmar</span></u>, and returned to the Chola country. The Chola south-east Asian expedition ended in <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1024</span></u></b> and details of the countries conquered by his forces in this single expedition was included in his Meikeerthi's from the year <u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1025</span></u><span style="color: darkblue;"> </span><br />
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With the victory of Rajendra Cholan - 1 over Sri Vijaya(m) of Sumatra, Indonesia in <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1023</span></u></b>, built a Siva Temple at Erumbur in Tamil Nadu, and named it as <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Vijayamkonda Cholaeswarem</span></u><span style="color: darkblue;">. </span><br />
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With his triump over the Kadarem Rajendra Cholan - 1 assumed another new title as <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Kadaremkondaan</u>"</span>, and one of his grandson who lead the Kadarem expedition was given the title <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Kadaremkonda Cholan</u>"</span>, (the Chola who captured Kadarem), and a region of the present <u><span style="color: darkred;">Kudimallur</span></u> in Tamil Nadu was named as the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Kadaremkonda Cholapuram</u>".</span> There are villages in the present day Tamil Nadu still bearing names as Kadaramkondaan at Thiruvaarur and Ariyalur regions[present Gedaramkondan in Ariyalur), and as Kadaramkonda Cholapuram (present Narasingpuram). With the victories of Rajendra Cholan - 1 over Kadaram in Malaysia in <b><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1023</span></b>, built a Siva Temple in north Tamil Nadu and named it as <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kadaremkonda Cholaeswarem</span></u>. <br />
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<u><span style="color: darkblue;">It was with their great triumphs in the wars in the Indian mainland, and near overseas</span></u>, they built the former two <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>magnificient & gigantic temples completely out of Granite stone</u>"</span> <u><span style="color: darkred;">as living monuments of their great valour and superior status in this region</span></u>, which are included in the present day "UNESCO World Heritage Series. <u><span style="color: darkblue;">The latter two were built in commemoration of their triumps far overseas,</span></u> <u><span style="color: darkred;">and as monuments of their great achievements in South-East Asia</span></u><span style="color: darkred;"> <b><u>and the superior status of the Medieval Chola Empire in the World History of that period (A.D.1025)</u></b></span> <br />
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<b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">Notes:</span></u></b> <br />
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The Siva and Vishnu temples of the Chola period had tall <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Vimanams</u>"</span> (tower over - <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Karuvarai"</u></span> i.e. Sanctum Sanctorium of the temples)[/u]. This could be seen in the temples namely <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajarajaeswarem</span></u> (Birahatheeswarem) at <u><span style="color: darkred;">Thanjavur</span></u>, <span style="color: darkblue;">Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem</span> at <u><span style="color: darkred;">Udaiyar Paalayam</span></u> (in Kumbakonam), <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajarajaeswarem</span></u> (Airaavatheswarem) at <u><span style="color: darkred;">Darasuram</span></u><span style="color: darkred;"> </span>(Palaiyaarai) built by <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajaraja Cholan - 2 (A.D.1146-1163)</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Thiribhuvanaeswarem</span></u><span style="color: darkblue;"> </span>(Kampaheswarem) at <u><span style="color: darkred;">Thiribhuvanam</span></u> built by <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kulothunga Cholan - 3(A.D.1178-1218)</span></u>, and others. <br />
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The names Birahatheeswarem, Airaavatheswarem, and Kampaheswarem were the <u>subsequent names</u> given to these Chola temples, with the ascendance of the "Naayakkar" rule over Thanjavur district. <br />
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It was only during the period of Pandiyan kings and Naayakkar kings the prominance was given to tall <u><span style="color: darkblue;">"Gopurams"</span></u> (tower over the Main entrance to the temples) while <u><span style="color: darkblue;">"Vimanams"</span></u> remained shorter like what are seen in the temples at <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Chithambaram, Thiruvannaamalai, Sri Rangam, Madurai</span></u> others. <br />
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<span style="color: darkred;">The events indicated above by the 'doller symbol</span>' <b><span style="color: darkblue;">-$-</span></b> <span style="color: darkred;">are <u>confirmed</u> by the - "Meikeerthikal" (True Glories) of Rajaraja Cholan - 1 and Rajendra Cholan - 1, their Copper Plate Grants and Temple Inscriptions, contemporary period Historical and Literary Works and Archaeological Remains - in Tamil Nadu and other regions of India. <u>They are further confirmed</u> by the Inscriptions, and the local - Historical and Literary Works of these "far and near" Overseas Countries and the Archaeological Remains in some of them, and by the Chinese Historical writings of that era.</span> <br />
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<u><span style="color: green;">Video Website</span></u>: </span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfhesYL_wp0&feature=related" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfhesYL_wp0&feature=related</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> <br />
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This Video provides the "<span style="color: darkblue;">Aerial Views</span>" of both the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajarajeswaram Temple Complex at Thanjavur</span></u>, and the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer Temple Complex at Gangaikonda Cholapuram</span></u>, among the views of the other Temples.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: indigo; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">The <b>"<u>Rajarajaeswarem" Siva temple - of Thanjavur district</u></b>, the "Thanjai Periya Koyil" (also known as the "Birahatheeswarer Temple" after the Naayakkar occupation of Thanjavur), <b><u>was built by the Tamil Emperor "Rajaraja Cholan - 1" (A.D.985-1014)</u></b><u> - <b>one among the two 'Greatest Rulers' of Tamil Nadu</b></u></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">,<b><span style="color: darkblue;"> -$-</span></b> <u><span style="color: indigo;">who conquered 3/5 of the Indian Mainland, northern half of Sri Lanka, and the Maldive Islands, during the period of his rule</span></u><span style="color: indigo;">. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: indigo;">Rajaraja Cholan - 1 also had much <u>political and trade relations</u> with the Hindu-Buddhist Malaysia (the Kadaram, and others), the Buddhist Empire of Sumatra - Indonesia (the Sri Vijaya, and others), and the Southern Sung Empire of China <u>of his period</u>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> Rajaraja Chola - 1 commenced his war expedition in the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Indian Mainland</span></u>, with the capture of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Pandiya Nadu</span></u> <u><span style="color: darkred;">of south Tamil Nadu</span></u>, followed by his capture of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kandalursaalai</span></u> and <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Vilignam</span></u> a seaport city - both in <u><span style="color: darkred;">south Kerala</span></u> in the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.994</span></u></b>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> After a lapse of four years he turned his attention to <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Seetpulinaadu</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Paaki Naadu</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">south Andhara Pradesh</span></u> and the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Vengi Mandalam</span></u> in <u><span style="color: darkred;">north-east Andhra Pradesh</span></u>. After the capture of these regions he proceeded to the regions <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Gangapaadi</span></u> <u><span style="color: darkred;">in south Karnataka</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Thadigaipaadi</span></u> <u><span style="color: darkred;">in also in south Karnataka</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Nulambapaadi</span></u> <u><span style="color: darkred;">in central Karnataka</span></u> and <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Tuluva Nadu</span></u> in the <u>northern tip</u> along the <u><span style="color: darkred;">west coast of Karanataka.</span></u> He captured the regions of <u>Andhra Pradesh</u> and <u>Karnataka</u> in one single expedition in the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.998</span></u></b><span style="color: darkblue;">.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> He then he turned his attention to <u>Kudamalainaadu</u> in <u><span style="color: darkred;">west Kerala</span></u>, and sent an expedition in his <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.999</span></u></b>. It was in this same expedition he won over the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Udagai</span></u> in the <u><span style="color: darkred;">west Tamilnadu</span></u> bordering Kerala ruled by a Chera prince on-behalf of the Chera ruler in Kudamalainadu. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> In the early part of the following year in <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1000 </span></u></b>[/u] he sent an expedition and conquered the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kollam</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">Kerala</span></u>. In the second part of this same year a separate expedition was sent to <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kalinga</span> of <span style="color: darkred;">Orrisa state</span></u>, in the north of earlier conquered region of Vengimandalam. It appears it was in this same expedition he captured <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Odda</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">Orissa</span></u> and <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Magadha</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">Bihar</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Vanga & Gauda</span> of <span style="color: darkred;">West Bengal</span></u>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> In the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1001</span></u></b> he sent his forces which crossed the seas and captured the northern half of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Elamandalam</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Sri Lanka</span></u>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u><span style="color: darkred;">It appears</span></u> in between the years <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1002</span></u></b><u><span style="color: darkblue;"> and <b>A.D.1005</b></span></u>, Emperor<u><span style="color: darkblue;"> Chulamanivarman</span></u> of <u><span style="color: darkred;">Sri Vijaya Empire</span></u> in <u><span style="color: darkred;">Sumatra, Indonesia</span></u> who was also the <u>overlord</u> king of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kadarem</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Kedah & Perak</span></u> regions of <u><span style="color: darkred;">Malaysia</span></u>, probably was assisted by a garrison of Chola Forces - stationed already at Kadrem to safeguard the interests of Chola Traders in this region - to suppress a revolt by the native king of Kadarem against their overlord the Chulamanivarman of Sri Vijaya in Sumatra, Indonesia. This possibly made <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajaraja - 1</span></u> to claim his victory over <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Katakas</span></u> as seen in the <span style="color: darkred;">"<u>Essaalam Copper Plates</u>".</span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> In the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1006</span></u></b> he sent an expedition to <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Irrattaipaadi Elaraiillakkam</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">north Karnataka & south Maharashtra</span></u> with its capital at <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Mannaikadakkam</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Maleked</span></u>, along with three other regions being the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Konkanar</span></u> in <u><span style="color: darkred;">west Maharashtra</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Saurashtra</span></u> in <u><span style="color: darkred;">Gujarat</span></u>, <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Malava</span></u> in<span style="color: darkred;"> <u>north Maharashtra</u></span> and <u><span style="color: darkred;">south-west Madhya Pradesh</span></u><span style="color: darkred;">,</span> and the kings of <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kurunaadu</span></u> <span style="color: darkred;">{<u>in Haryaana ??</u>}</span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> After a further lapse of seven years in the year <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">A.D.1013</span></u></b> Rajaraja Chola's forces crossed seas again, and captured the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Munneer Palanthivu Panneeraayiram</span></u> the <u><span style="color: darkred;">Maldives islands</span></u><span style="color: darkred;">.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> The <u><span style="color: darkred;">Essalam Copper Plates</span></u> of Rajendra Chola - 1 states that his father <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajaraja Chola - 1".....By the wealth obtained through his conquests he erected at "Thanjapuri" a very great temple named "Rajarajaesvarem</span></u><span style="color: darkblue;">"…….</span>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> In this great temple "Rajarajaeswarem" built by him, the presiding deity of the Karuvarai (Sanctum Sanctorium) was known as the "<u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajarajaeswaram Udaiyar</span></u>" also known as "<u><span style="color: darkblue;">Peruvudaiyar</span></u>' - the God Siva in the form of Lingam. This is the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">second biggest Lingam among the Siva Temples both in India and Worldover</span></u>, having a height of 9 ft and 23.5 ft in circumferance. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u><span style="color: darkblue;">The "Vimanam" over the Karuvarai of the big temple goes to a height of 216 ft</span></u>, being the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">tallest building structure of India of that time</span></u>, and the construction of the whole temple was completed and <u><span style="color: darkred;">Kumba-abishekam done in the year A.D.1011</span></u><span style="color: darkred;">.</span> This is confirmed by one of Rajaraja Chola's own inscription at Rajarajaeswaram Temple dated the 26th year of his reign - in A.D.1011(985 + 26), which states "....(at) Thanjavur in Thanjavur Kootram the 'sacred granite-stone temple' (Thiru-Kat-trali) I got it erected, the Sri Rajarajeeswaram Udaiyar....." </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> The Karuvarai (sanctum sanctorium) is built on a square basement measuring 96 ft per side externally, with its four walls rising to a height of .....ft in two levels, from where the Vimanam rises tapering to a height of .....ft in fourteen tiers upto a truncated basement of the tapering Vimanam measuing approximately 5 ft per side externally. On this basement was laid a single spherical stone estimated to be of a weight of 80 tons, with a seppuk(copper) kalasam adorning it at it's crown. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> Within the Vimanam above the Karuvarai there is an inner corridor running right round its perimeter, on the walls of which you find the Chola paintings of this period. One of these paintng shows <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Rajaraja Chola - 1 with Karuvur Thevar</span></u>, another shows <u><span style="color: darkblue;">God Siva</span></u> seated in Kailayamalai with Nandi and other Siva Ganas around while Apsaras are dancing in front of him, another shows <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Sundaramoorththy Naayanaar</span></u> going forth to Kailayamalai on an elephant, while <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Cheraman Perumaal Naayanaar</span></u> on a white horse going in front, God Siva as <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Aadavallaan</span></u><span style="color: darkred;"> <u>(Nadarajah)</u></span> in front of whom a valiant looking warrior, 'possibly' - the emperor Rajaraja Chola - 1 prostrating to him while three queens beside him on looking with two guardians beyond them, nd below them other officials and the men and women at their service. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> Also in this temple in the bottom row of the interior - of the upper floor of Karuvarai, the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">108 - Karnas of the Siva Tandava dance</span></u> was intended to be carved out, but only left with 81 - Karnas fully sculptured while the 82nd partialy finished for some reason unknown. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> This temple was designed by a group of Silpis (Perum Thatchchar) and the chief among the Silpis who was intrumental in the construction of this great temple was <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Viracholan Kunjajara Mallan</span></u> alias <u><span style="color: darkred;">Rajaraja Perum Thatchchan</span></u> with his two assistants, and the expertise of two other Silpis namely the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kunavan Mathuranthahan</span></u> alias <u><span style="color: darkred;">Niththavinotha Perum Thatchchan</span></u> and <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Ilaththi Sadaiyan </span></u>alias <u><span style="color: darkred;">Kandaraathiththa Perum Thatchchan</span></u><span style="color: darkred;">.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> Rajaraja Chola - 1 after the re-discovery of the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Tamil Saiva 'Thirumuraikal</span></u><span style="color: darkblue;">'</span> from the Chithambarem Temple, arranged for the first time to recite them during the times of worship at the <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Thanjai Rajarajaeswarem temple</span></u>, and appointed fortyeight <span style="color: darkred;">'<u>Pidararkal</u>'</span> to execute same. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> He also settled 400 - <span style="color: darkred;">'<u>(Female) Temple Dancers'</u></span> known as the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Thalikkooththikal</u>"</span> selected from various parts of his kingdom and settled them in the vicinity of Thanjai Rajarajaeswarem temple with all facilities for their residence, which was known as the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Thalichcheri</u>"</span>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> There has been a 'dramatic composition' titled <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Rasarasa Naatakam</u>"</span> - 'possibly a part of the life story of Rajaraja Chola - 1, known to have been enacted at the Thirupanthanai Nallur - Pasupathi Eswarer temple in the year A.D.995 by <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Kasian Vikkramaathiththan Acchan</span></u> alias <u><span style="color: darkred;">Rasarasa Naataka Periyan</span></u><span style="color: darkred;">.</span> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> There has also been a 'dramatic composition' titled <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Rajarajaeswara Naatakam</u>"</span> - 'probably' a story relating to the the construction of Thanjavur Rajarajaeswarem Temple by the emperor Rajaraja Chola - 1, which was enacted by the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Saanthik Kooththan</u>"</span> named <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Thiruvalan Thirumuthukuntran</span></u> alias <u><span style="color: darkred;">Vijayarajendra Achariyan</span></u> and his troop at this temple, on the occasion of the big annual festival known as <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Udaiyar (i.e.presiding deity) Vaikaasip Periya Thiruvilaa</u>"</span>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> Further there has also been a 'literary composition' titled the <span style="color: darkblue;">"<u>Rajaraja Vijayam</u>"</span> - 'probably' relating the glories acheived in the war expeditions by Rajaraja Chola - 1, which is known to have been read at the temple at Thirupoonthuruththi in Thanjavur, apparently on special festive days. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> This great <u><span style="color: darkblue;">Tamil Emperor Rajaraja Cholan - 1</span></u> after a remarkable period of 29 years of rule, <u><span style="color: darkred;">died in the year A.D.1014.</span></u>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b><u><span style="color: darkblue;">Notes:</span></u></b> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u><span style="color: darkblue;">A medieval period bronze statue of the Emperor Rajaraja Cholan - 1</span></u> is presently seen on display at the Gujarat Museum. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u><span style="color: green;">Three Video Websites</span></u> on Rajarajewaram Temple (Birahatheeswarem Temple) of Thanjavur. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cruwhRpBcwo&NR=1&feature=fvwp" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cruwhRpBcwo&NR=1&feature=fvwp</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGYqxjIj8yY&feature=related" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGYqxjIj8yY&feature=related</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZzNplDpXB0&feature=related" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZzNplDpXB0&feature=related</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EQk1ATt6Yk&feature=related" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EQk1ATt6Yk&feature=related</span></a></span><br />
</div>Ilamuruganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16311706194380527105noreply@blogger.com0